Volume 1 footnotes

Chapter 1

1 R.W. Gallois & B.C. Worssam, Geology of the Country Around Horsham: Memoir for 1:50 000 sheet 302 (1993); B.C. Worssam in H. Cleere & D. Crossley (eds), The Iron Industry of the Weald (1985) pp. 1-30; R. Williams on Geology in K. Leslie & B. Short (eds). An Historical Atlas of Sussex (1999) pp.2-3; R Birch (2006 ) Sussex Stones.

2 This section is based on the fossil remains from Rudgwick brickworks that are now on display in Horsham Museum.

3 Based on D. Lambert, Facts on File Dinosaur Data Book (n.d), & E. Casier, Les Iguanodons de Bernissart (1978) & D. Hurst, History and Antiquities of Horsham (1868).

4 This section is based on research undertaken for the exhibition Horsham’s Dinosaur Hunter: The Life, Times and Discoveries of George Bax Holmes, held at the Museum in the summer of 2006. The exhibition was based around the research produced by John Cooper of Brighton and Hove City Museum service. See J. A. Cooper, The life and work of George Bax Holmes (1803-1887) of Horsham, Sussex: A Quaker vertebrate fossil collector in Archives of Natural History Vol. 19. Issue 3, (1992), pp.379-400; D. Cadbury, The Dinosaur Hunters (2000) Fourth Estate.

5 See J.A. Cooper, as above.

6 Where the finds may be seen today on request.

7 Paragraph based on Horsham Museum registers.

8 B. Worssam, and R Birch above.

9 J. Knight & A.F. Hughes Horsham District Heritage Trail (2000), p.22.

10 E.W. Holden., Slate Roofing in Medieval Sussex – A Reappraisal, in Sussex Archaeological Collections (SAC), Vol. 127 (1989), pp.73-88.

11 See P. Drewett, Later Hunters and Gatherers, in K. Leslie & B. Short (eds) An historical atlas of Sussex (1999), pp.14-15.

12 I was fortunate to have studied the Mesolithic period as an undergraduate in 1980, when I wrote a dissertation on Mesolithic Wiltshire, and my interest in this period has never faded. For the general context see R. Bradley The Prehistoric Settlement in Britain (1978) and J. Megaw & D. Simpson, Introduction to British Prehistory (4th ed.) (1988), with its extensive bibliography, to catch a flavour of the debates and discussion.

13 Thomas Honywood gave an account of his finds in “Discovery of Flint Implements near Horsham, in St. Leonard’s Forest.” Sussex Archaeological Collections (1877) Vol 27 pp.177-183 He suggested that “this singular race of human beings may have had their existence at least 5,000 years ago”.

14 Clark, J.D.G. & Rankine, W.F. Excavations at Farnham Surrey (1937-38); The Horsham Culture and the Question of Mesolithic Dwellings In Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (1939) Vol V Part 1 pp.61-118.

15 In 2004, Horsham Museum was fortunate to obtain a grant from the Council of British Archaeology (South East) to employ Chris Butler to investigate Ricki’s work and her finds. This resulted in an article on the Mesolithic (forthcoming) and a popular account by J Knight (2005). Was Horsham the Birthplace. of British Culture: A 7000 year old story about Horsham District. Her finds were noted in J. Wymer & C. Bonsall, Gazetteer of Mesolithic sites in England and Wales with a gazetteer of Upper Palaeolithic sites in England and Wales (1977).

16 David Miles, quoting work by Christopher Smith, notes that Smith “estimated a population of 5,500 maximum for Britain in 5000BC, which is low compared with estimates of 10,000 to 27,000 for the Middle Palaeolithic hominoid populations of Britain and Ireland (between 300,000 and 35,000 years ago)….Smith produced some convincing trends: the British population increasing in the centuries prior to the final cold snap, the Loch Lomond episode; a reduced population in the cold period, followed by increasingly rapid growth in the four millennia up to the start of the Neolithic and farming. …Growth rates were extremely slow through most of the Stone Age…rising to 0.1 per cent in the Mesolithic, on the eve of the expansion of agriculture. Hunter-gatherers live at very low densities, as they are dependent on the natural productivity, or carrying capacity, of the land they inhabit. Carrying capacity can be calculated broadly for different environments – deciduous woodland, for example, has a maximum primary productivity of 2,500 grams per square meter per year…Given that humans in temperate latitudes use about 2,200 calories per day (and half as much in cold conditions) and most of the biomass in deciduous forest comes in the form of wood and leaves, then animals, supplemented by nuts, berries and tubers, must have been an important part of the Mesolithic Diet. For much of the year large animals such as red deer tend to be very lean – good for protein, but lacking the carbohydrate-rich fat that humans also need”” Miles D. (2005) The Tribes of Britain p 57 Weidenfeld & Nicolson

17 This paragraph is based on the finds held by Horsham Museum.

18 This paragraph is based on a summation of numerous books written about archaeology, its methodology and research techniques.

19 Based on membership lists and the published articles in the journal, the Sussex Archaeological Collections, over the last 150 years – a journal which is required reading for any local historian.

20 This section is based on the finds in Horsham Museum, the small amount of material found meant that all of it could be put on display in the Flints and Fossils gallery when it re-opened in 1995.

21 See Megaw & Simpson, as above.

22 Russell M (2006) Roman Sussex Tempus Although this is the most recent work on Roman Sussex Horsham and the area around it is not covered.

23 P Drewett, D Rudling, & M Gardiner (1988) (eds) A Regional history of England the South –East to AD1000 Longman 191.

24 S.E. Winbolt (1923) two articles on Alfoldean Roman Station, in SAC Vol. 64., p.81-104, and SAC Vol. 65, p.131; D. Rudling, Roman Sussex in Leslie & Short, as above.

25 T. K. Green, Roman Tileworks at Itchingfield in SAC, Vol. 108, (1970), pp.23-38.

26 Matthew Williams, article on Hills Place: Horsham’s Lost Roman Site, in Horsham Heritage, Issue No 2, Autumn 2000, pp.2-3.

27 Note by John Veitch in Horsham Heritage, Issue No.3, Spring 2001, p.67, J. Knight, letter in reply to Brian Slyfield in Horsham Heritage, Issue No.3, Spring 2001, pp.65-6.

28 The year AD410 is traditionally seen as the end of Roman Britain. In that year Rome was overrun by Goths who had swapped from defending the City to looting it. “An imperial edict of Honorius in that year instructs a number of places to defend themselves. ‘Brettia’ is usually assumed to be Britain. However, the other places mentioned in the edict are all Italian towns and ‘Brettia’ may well be Bruttium, in southern Italy. This makes sense. Following their away victory in Rome the Goths headed south, drawn by the wealth of Italy and the rich pickings in Africa” Miles D (2005) p 161.

29 Miles D. (2005) p.158.

30 This paragraph is based on S. White Early Saxon Sussex c.410-c.650 in Leslie & Short above, pp.28-9 and Crystal.

31 “The ‘arrival’ story has all the elements of a myth: three tribes arriving in three boats, led by two men called ‘Mare’ and ‘Horse’ Hengist and Horsa.” Miles D. (2005) p.165.

32 William Albery, A Millennium of Facts in the History of Horsham and Sussex 947-1947, Horsham Museum Society, 1947, pp.28-31.

33 Steyning has a rich and fascinating Saxon heritage particularly with its connection with St Cuthman. The late Saxon/Norman Life of St Cuthman shows that, although written after his death, strong elements of Celtic influences as well as rich topographical detail tie it specifically to Steyning. This has led to the suggestion that Steyning originated as a religious centre, based around a stave built church, (the construction of which is detailed in the manuscript), in the late 7th or 8th century. The Life specifically states that Cuthman built his church in a deserted place called Staeningas, (places characterized by stones) not near a settlement. Gradually, the important Anglo-Saxon minster church, first recorded in 858 in the ‘Annals of St Neots’ where it is mentioned King Alfred the Great’s? father, King Aethelwulf, was buried, lost its importance. Steyning illustrates “a complex process which is now becoming better understood: the decline of minsters in status and wealth (partly, but not wholly, through Viking raids); the gradual absorption of their lands by kings and nobles as patronage turned into exploitation; and the transformation of what had begun as freestanding monastic sites into residences with churches attached” (Blair.184) By the 9th to 11th centuries Steyning became an urban centre as the archaeology reveals. (See Blair J. (1997) “Saint Cuthman, Steyning and Bosham in Sussex Archaeological Collections 135. pp.173-92 and Gardiner M & Greatorex C. (1997) Archaeological excavations in Steyning, 1992-95: Further evidence for the evolution of a late Saxon small town” in Sussex Archaeological Collections. 135 p143-71.

34 M. Gardiner (1999) Late Saxon Sussex c. 650-1066, in Leslie & Short above pp. 30-31, R. Coates, Place Names Before 1066 in Leslie & Short pp.32-33.

35 Personal communication from Dr A.F. Hughes.

36 The term “Viking” has an unusual history. To contemporary people they were described as Nordmanni (‘Northmen’) Dani (‘Danes’) or heathens. The first use of the term was when the accounts are referring to piratical activity in the Mediterranean, though it doesn’t describe who the pirates were. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle uses the term wicings on only five occasions, in describing relatively small raids. Vikings in effect disappeared from the nation’s memory, being resurrected in the late 18th and early 19th century as part of the popular historical imagination of Sir Walter Scott (Miles D (2005) 200).

37 Alfred and his sons had tried to create a Unified kingdom. There were three main centres: Chichester and Winchester, (where the body of Alfred’s father had been moved from Steyning), being administrative centres, with London being the international trading centre. However, they could not control the north, even though Athelstan won major victories over King Constantine of the Scots and the Norse of Dublin at Brunanburh in AD 937. However, by the reign of King Edgar (pp.959-75) Northumberland was firmly attached to a unified Kingdom of England. England had, it was thought, successfully absorbed the Vikings; an absorption process in which Eadric had obviously played a part.

38 William Albery (1947), A Millennium of Facts in the History of Horsham and Sussex 947-1947, Preface.

39 W. Albery, Millennium, pp. 31-35.

40 Blair, J (1997) p184 (see footnote 38 above)

41 In spite of the impression given in many history books, Pope Gregory and Augustine, in AD 597, were not the first to bring Christianity to Britain. Christianity thrived in the towns and villas of fourth-century Roman Britain as shown by the archaeological remains. In the fifth century, the Pope sent a Bishop Verulamium to tackle the question of heresy taught by the Briton Pelagius whose teachings promoted the role of the individual. The view of Britain from the Mediterranean world was one of hell and death. According to Jerome the gates of Hell were in Britain. Procopius, in Constantinople, keeps up the bad press: Fishermen in Gaul, he reports, row the souls of the dead over to Britain, which is cut in two by a wall. Beyond, the weather is awful and the country full of wild animals. People who go beyond the wall die immediately because the weather is so severe. Whilst the work of Saints such as Patrick is not mentioned in Bede’s History, as Patrick was not a follower of Rome, in fact Patrick was the only slave from the Classical world to write an autobiography; actually, he wrote two. The crunch between the Irish and British Christianity and Rome came over the dating of Easter. At the Synod of Whitby in AD 664 the date of Easter was settled. The church would follow Rome’s dating, not the British date. Rome won that argument because it was international and had allied itself to the memory of the Roman empire. Miles D (2005) pp.166-172 And history favours the victor.

42 This paragraph is based on Mark Taylor, Religious Foundations, in Leslie & Short, as above, pp. 46-47.

43 Bowen J (nd) An Illustrated Guide to Horsham Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin. P 1.

44 See below.

45 VCH. 129.

46 This paragraph is based on Neil Rushton, The Parochialisation of Sussex 1000-1086-129, in Leslie & Short, as above, pp.36-37.

47 This account is based on the personal conversations the author had with Mrs Standing and notes held on file in the Museum archives.

48 Based on personal recollections and notes held in Horsham Museum Object History file for HM 1988.1546 & 1987.727 & 728. See also Blows W. T. (1996) A New species of Polacanthus (Ornithischia; Ankylosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of Sussex, England in Geological Magazine (1996) 133.(6) pp 671-682.

49 This section is derived from two books. – Crystal. D (2004) Stories in English and A. Savage ed.,(1982) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

50 A. Savage, as above, pp. 29-35.

Chapter 2

51 As David Miles notes “Henry of Huntingdon wrote in the later twelfth century: “In the twenty-first year of William’s reign there was hardly a nobleman of English descent left in England but all were reduced to servitude and mourning, so that it was a disgrace to be called an Englishman …. Over the next two decades there was an enormous shift in the ownership of land in England as William redistributed the estates of 4-5,000 native aristocrats to his nobles…The Normans not only removed the English from power; they destroyed the English symbols of power and culture” Miles D (2005)237. 52 This and the following paragraphs have been drawn from K Leslie & B Short, An Historical Atlas of Sussex. (Phillimore 1999), particularly chapters 17,19,20,21,23, and 25. 53 See Caroline Adams, Medieval Administration in Leslie & Short, as above, pp.40-41. 54 Personal communication, C. Todd, Curator, Steyning Museum. 55 Personal communication, C. Todd, Curator, Steyning Museum. 56 The Anglo Saxon chronicle reports on one phase of castle building with the report for 1067 that “Bishop Odo and Earl William stayed behind and built castles far and wide throughout the country and distressed the wretched folk and always after that it grew much worse. May the end be good when god wills” Quoted in Miles D. (2005) p.240. However, Bramber itself wasn’t built until 1073 on the site of a probable Saxon fortified site, as Bramber derives from the Saxon brymmburh meaning fortified place and there is a pre- conquest motte within the walls of the castle.

51 As David Miles notes “Henry of Huntingdon wrote in the later twelfth century: “In the twenty-first year of William’s reign there was hardly a nobleman of English descent left in England but all were reduced to servitude and mourning, so that it was a disgrace to be called an Englishman …. Over the next two decades there was an enormous shift in the ownership of land in England as William redistributed the estates of 4-5,000 native aristocrats to his nobles…The Normans not only removed the English from power; they destroyed the English symbols of power and culture” Miles D (2005)237. 52 This and the following paragraphs have been drawn from K Leslie & B Short, An Historical Atlas of Sussex. (Phillimore 1999), particularly chapters 17,19,20,21,23, and 25. 53 See Caroline Adams, Medieval Administration in Leslie & Short, as above, pp.40-41. 54 Personal communication, C. Todd, Curator, Steyning Museum. 55 Personal communication, C. Todd, Curator, Steyning Museum. 56 The Anglo Saxon chronicle reports on one phase of castle building with the report for 1067 that “Bishop Odo and Earl William stayed behind and built castles far and wide throughout the country and distressed the wretched folk and always after that it grew much worse. May the end be good when god wills” Quoted in Miles D. (2005) p.240. However, Bramber itself wasn’t built until 1073 on the site of a probable Saxon fortified site, as Bramber derives from the Saxon brymmburh meaning fortified place and there is a pre- conquest motte within the walls of the castle.

57 This paragraph is based on Neil Rushton, Parochialisation and Patterns of Patronage in 11th Century Sussex, in SAC Vol. 137(1999).

58 Dr. Annabelle Hughes, Chesworth, Horsham Museum Society, 1998, p.6.

59 William de Braose

60 Brother of King Harold.

61 1 hide = c. 120acres.

62 On the ‘demesne’ land.

63 Servants on the demesne land.

64 Four virgates = one hide.

65 This means that Leofwine was a freeholder.

66 However, one difference was the change in ownership as mentioned above. This change is explained by Miles who writes: “William himself took lands worth twice as much as those held by Edward the Confessor. The royal estate was valued at £11,000, or one sixth of the landed revenues of his entire kingdom. In the eleventh century land was not private property: it was held as an “honour” in return for duties to the king or to the aristocratic tenants-in-chief, who themselves owed duties to the king….In the new Norman world there were about two hundred tenants-in chief. These were earls and barons who had their “honours” directly from the king. Next in rank were about a thousand landowners with estates valued at £5 or more and then up to seven thousand lesser lords. There were now more lords with the rank of earl than had existed before the Conquest, but William had the sense to restrict their influence. Normally they were specifically related to a shire, like the English ealdormen; hence the new name “county”, from “count”, the Continental term for an earl…The lid was held firmly in place by military might…” Miles D. (2005) p240.

67 As far as we can tell from the archaeological record.

68 Unlike the New Forest, St Leonard’s was not a royal creation. In fact, the status of forest has caused discussion amongst historians as well as 16th century lawyers. The usual understanding is that a forest has to be held by a monarch. But although for a short time in the 16th century St Leonards a forest, for most of its existence it wasn’t. This has led to some arguing that it isn’t a true forest. However, in the 16th century Roger Manwood, a judge who wrote A Treatise of the Forest Laws, explores this issue and specifically mentions St Leonards Forest as a Forest not held by a king, but still a forest. He noted that when a forest is granted away from a king, it might be “but a chase if certain key words are not mentioned in the grant, the key words being cum omnibus incidentibus appendiciis et pertinentiis. If they are included then the grantee holds a forest and can have all the officers that “belong unto a forest” He can hold various courts; attachment and swainnimote, records of which are found in the Norfolk archives. Manwood was closely connected with the Howard family who owned much of St Leonards. He argued that a forest was “Territorie of woody grounds and fruitful pastures, thereby is declared what manner of territorie of ground a forest must be, that is to say a territory of woody ground stored with great wods of coverts for the secret abode of the wilde beasts, and also fruitfull pastures for their continual feed. “Manwood goes on to argue that if these disappeared, the game would leave. “it is manifest, that a Forest cannot have continuance without woody ground and fruitfull pastures. And so consequently it followeth, that to destroy the coverts of the Forrest is to destroy the Forrest it selfe: also, to convert the pasture grounde, meadows and feedings into arable land is likewise to destroy the Forrest” Quoted in Jack S M (1997) Ecological destruction in the 16th century; The case of St Leonard’s Forest. Sussex Archaeological Collections 135. p 241-7.

69 See Oliver Rackham (1986)A History of the British Countryside, J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd. London. Rackham argues against calling the forest a “national park”, on historical grounds. The term is a simplification of the reality, but it is one that gives a flavour of the status. In reality, the woodland became a forest and a “forest” has no direct similarities in contemporary parlance.

70 Dr Hughes has pointed out that this relationship is mentioned in the Domseday book.

71 The Domesday book records church buildings.

72 Archaeological excavations along the Adur have revealed medieval salt mounds and pans; namely Saltings field in Bramber.

73 The suffix -fold can be found in nearby village names such as Slinfold – a fold being a pen in Anglo-Saxon.

74 Alan Siney, Welsh cattle in Horsham Market – why?, article in Horsham Heritage, Issue no. 1, Spring 2000.

75 This paragraph is based on “Four Sussex earthworks: an archaeological Field Survey” by J. K. Wright, unpublished dissertation in Horsham Museum Library. Also an article by Braun in SAC Vol. (1936), pp.251-3).

76 S.E. Winbolt History of the Parish Church of St, Mary the Virgin, Horsham (1941).

77 The Anglo Saxon Chronicle records in 1110 “in this year Philip de Braose, William Malet, and William Bainart were deprived of their lands”.

78 VCH Vol 2.

79 He owned the Manor of Tarring cum Marlpost and hence the name Bishopric, for the land of the archbishop. Their ownership is recorded in the Domesday Book.

80 Dr. Annabelle Hughes now favours an earlier, rather than later, date. (Personal communication).

81 VCH 171.

82 This section is based on VCH Vol 6 part 2 and on Albery Millennium.

83 VCH p 156.

84 For example, Collett’s alleyway or the Crown alleyway.

85 Sedgwick did have substantial walls built later – see the chapter on the castle.

86 As mentioned above, in the case of Roughey, “rough” means (roe) deer in late Middle English and “hey” means fence; while Rusper is from the Old English “ruh”, which means rough, and “spaer” which means enclosure.

87 Traditionally, woodland was an asset to the poor; but not so royal forests, which excluded them through Forest Laws.

88 See M. Gardiner 1999 The Medieval Rural Economy and Landscape. in Leslie & Short, as above pp.38-9.

89 Though it was also exploited for its timber – Timber was sent to Southampton in the 1180s. When the park was forfeited in 1214, timber was sent from the park to Dover castle. In 1313 the rectory estate supplied timber to make shingles for the roof of Westminster hall and so on. VCH 120.

90 Extracts taken from Sharp J. (1850) Documents relating to Knepp Castle. Sussex Arch Collections. Vol 3. P. 1-12.

Chapter 3

91 See Jones R (1999) Castles and other defensive sites” in Leslie & Short p 50-51. 92 In fact, this popular story is incorrect as he was the third son and therefore unlikely to inherit any land, so was called Lackland from birth.

93 This section is the first time the story of the Braose family has been pulled together for a history of Horsham. It is based on a number of conflicting sources, including the following: Causeway Magazine Nos., VCH Vol 6 part 2, A.F. Hughes Chesworth, and North Horsham, Carpenter D. The Struggle for Mastery – Britain 1066-1284 Penguin, 2003, which gives a sound framework in which to put the the family’s story.

94 Poole A.L. (1986) Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087-1216 Oxford p 297.

95 As above.

96 Poole p.299.

97 Poole pp.298-300.

98 Reginald, William’s de Braose’s son, had married the prince.

99 Poole p.301.

100 As above.

101 “In the two centuries after 1066 the face of Europe was transformed by the growing power of the papacy. Its supreme authority was clarified and proclaimed in the new study of theology and cannon law. Its ability to govern the western church was established through new administrative structures. …In the politics of England, in part because King john had made the kingdom a papal fief, the role played by the pope and his legates was as remarkable as it was usually constructive “Carpenter 431. Carpenter gives a very full account of the importance of the papacy for the English crown.

102 “The most plausible account of what happened to the youth is from the hand of an annalist monk at Margam Abbey, Glamorgan, who was patronized by William de Briouze, then John’s faithful follower …who was with him at Rouen and in a position to know exactly what happened. According to the annalist, John, when drunk after dinner on the Thursday after Easter, “slew him (Arthur) with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine. It was discovered by fishermen in his net, and being dragged to the bank and recognised, was taken for secret burial in fear of the tyrant to the priory of Bec.” Schama S. vol 1. pp.160.

103 Carpenter p.279.

104 Based on Carpenter pp.279-280.

105 John signed the Charter on 15 June 1215. Soon after, the Barons got their way and the reversal of the arbitrary fines commenced at once, as did the evil practices of the local officials revealed by the twelve knightly investigators in each county. By mid-July John had had enough and asked the pope to condemn the Charter, which he did on 24 August, with the papal bull arriving in England towards the end of September. The Charter was now unsustainable, so the Barons met in September and deposed John. The reason for the French, Capetian prince to the Scottish king was that the Capetians were seen as having more power to oust the Angevine John (Carpenter p.297).

106 The idea of the King being elective persisted at this time Carpenter p.294.

107 Carpenter p.294.

108 William had married the Earl of Pembroke’s daughter and had four daughters, one of whom was Eva.

109 The tithe was one tenth of the produce from the land. Tithes were granted to churches to help pay for the upkeep. Some tithes were classed as “small”, in the term (or maybe, ‘sense’?) of not being as important as the large tithe.

110 See VCH and Winbolt.

111 Winbolt, who describes the building history but doesn’t give the interpretation mentioned.

112 A clerestory is a ‘clear storey’ formed by a row of windows in the upper part of the wall that separates the nave from the aisle.

113 See Rackham.

Chapter 4

114 Winbolt p.36

115 D. Beever, R. Marks J. Roles (1989) Sussex Churches & Chapels Royal Pavilion Brighton p.89.

116 p.89

117 See below for an account of the refurbishment. They were photographed by Capt. Honywood.

118 D. Hurst (1868) History and Antiquities of Horsham. p.47

119 E. W. Tristam records them pers com Anne Marshall www.paintedchurch.org. 120 Hughes1986 p.5 “This early representation by two deputies seems to indicate that Horsham in those ancient days, must have been a large and influential place, since in 1295 the whole number of boroughs which received writs of summons was only 130; and though something may reasonably be attributed to the fact that the lordship belonged to a powerful baron” D. Hurst above p.5.

121 A point noted by Dr. Hughes in her book Horsham Houses p.5.

122 Winbolt p.37.

123 VCH.

124 VCH p.180.

125 This and the next paragraph are based on information in The Causeway Horsham’s Historical magazine.

126 Windrum p.70

127 Hughes A (2001) “The Sussex County Gaols in Horsham” . p.31.

128 Causeway magazine.

129 Hughes above.

130 Based on VCH pp.174-5.

131 Sussex Mapped.

132 VCH p.171.

133 VCH p.174.

134 VCH p.174.

135 The excavation carried out by the Horsham Museum Society Archaeology sub-group has never been fully reported on, and now it is impossible to reconstruct the excavation as insufficient documentation was made at the time. A short report on the excavation by John Kirby is given in SAC Vol 116. p396-398.

136 Hughes 1986 p.6.

137 Pers Com Dr. Hughes.

138 Hughes 1986 p.7.

139 VCH p.174.

140 VCH p.178. “In 1338 was the manufacture of arrows or “quarrels,” used for crossbows. In this year the Sheriff of Sussex was allowed, for the purchase of 6000 arrows (being 240 sheaves at 14d., each sheaf to contain 25 arrows of good dry wood, with heads well sharpened called “dogebil”) and for a cask to put them in, and for the carriage from Horsham to the Tower of London, £14 10s 4d. …it is mentioned that in “Madox’s History of the Antiquities of the Exchequer,” we find that about that time “33 cows and 2 bulls cost £8 7s; 500 “sheep, £22.10s, or about 10 3/4d a sheep; 22 hogs “£1 2s.” Hurst p.11.

141 VCH p.178.

142 VCH p.120.

143 This site, one of the most important excavated in Sussex, was dug by the Horsham Museum Society. Unfortunately the excavation was not written up, though one reconstruction drawing was made, and today it is impossible to use the notes and finds to work out its archaeological history.

144 See Henry Clear and David Crossley 1985 The Iron Industry of the Weald Leicester University Press for a full, detailed and easy to understand account of this important industry.

145 Clear and Crossley p.69.

146 Hughes 1986 p.7.

147 D Hurst p.5.

Chapter 5

148 For a general overview of the history and development of woodland and forest see Rackham. (1986) History of British Countryside which contains much useful information.

149 The following points are based on Rackham p.130-139.

150 Quoted by Rackham p.130.

151 Rackham p.131.

152 Rackham p.133.

153 Rackham p.136.

154 Rackham p.136.

155 VCH Vol. 6 part 3. p.12.

156 VCH 6.3 p.12.

157 Rackham p.88.

158 Rackham p.131.

159 VCH 6.3 p.13.

160 VCH 6.3 p.99.

161 VCH 6.3 p.13.

162 Jack.

163 VCH p.14.

164 See Sussex Archaeological Collections Vol 10 pp.118-9.

165 VCH 6.3 p.14.

166 VCH 6.3 pp.14-16.

167 Rackham p.49.

168 VCH 6.3 p.14. 169 VCH 6.3 p.14 Rabbits are a Mediterranean animal introduced at the beginning of the 12th century. “Warren” originally referred to hunting rights in general, soon came to imply rabbit same as “forest” implied deer. Rabbits originally were delicate animals that could not even create their own burrows, coney – early name for rabbit, Henry VIII warren had a great auger “to make and bore cony holes”. Earthworks were made to encourage burrowing. Lord of Petworth in 1347-8 when establishing an orchard bought “2 ½ gallons of tar…for greasing the …young trees to protect them from rabbits.” Rabbits were not widely regarded as pests till late 18th century. The ploughing up of heath land and enclosure of the common led to anti rabbit propaganda. In the 13th century a rabbit carcass was worth 3½ d plus 1d for the fur, worth more than a day’s wages of a craftsman, in 15th century 2½ d, or less than half a day’s wage of a craftsman, In the 16th century the price of rabbit fell, but the fall was offset by the fall in the standard of living – a rabbit was worth 7d, more than half a day’s wages of a craftsman. By 1760 the price had fallen to 5d, about one fifth of the daily wages; by 19th century, the food of the poor. Rackham p.47.

170 Rackham p.50.

171 Quoted in Rackham.

172 H. Cleere & D. Crossley (1995) The Iron Industry of the Weald. Leicester University Press pp.134-5.

173 Cleere & Crossley p.133.

174 He was executed for treason, and with his death so went the plan for the new town.

175 Rackham p.138.

177 Jack p.244.

178 Jack.176 Jack.

179 VCH 6.3 p.15.

180 VCH 6.3 p.16.

Chapter 6

181 For the best account of the Black Death see Philip Ziegler (1998) The Black Death (Sutton) which looks at the cultural and economic impact of the plague. Also Simon Schama (2000) A history of Britain at the edge of the world 3000BC- AD1603 pp.222-273.

182 VCH p.166.

183 For example, the Great Famine of 1315-22. This started with a bad harvest in 1314, then two years of wet, miserable weather and crops rotting in the fields. Better harvests followed, but before full recovery could take place a further disastrous harvest coincided with widespread sheep and cattle disease in 1319-21. Manorial records show catastrophic crop yields: in Winchester wheat was down by nearly a half in 1315 and 1316…Wheat and barley prices rose by about 300 per cent and the average labourer earned enough in a year – about 30 shillings to feed his family for six months…Many simply died of starvation. Manorial court records indicate death tolls of 10 to 15 per cent…This was the worst famine in English history. After 1322 the weather improved and the surviving population expanded rapidly in the following decade” Miles D. (2005). pp.266-267.

184 Cleere H. and Crossley D. (1985) The Iron Industry of the Weald 94.

185 Miles D. (2005) p.273.

186 Parliament responded with passing “the Ordinance of Labourers (1349) and the Statute of Labourers” (1351) which made it an offence to demand or offer to pay rates higher than those in use before the pestilence. The Ordinance also prohibited alms-giving to beggars and made it illegal to refuse work – for example to turn down a years contract -…These laws were enforced by Justices …those brought before the courts were workers who had accepted higher wages, never the employers who had offered them” Miles D. (2005) pp.280-281.

187 Cleere & Crossley p.94.

188 Cleere & Crossley pp.95/5.

189 In the 1340s and 50s the English won famous victories at Crecy and Poitiers. Then in 1370 the truce collapsed and the war turned against the English leading to an invasion of the Isle of Wight, leaving only after a huge payment. The war had to be paid for.

190 Dr Hughes 1986 Horsham Houses p.13.

191 Miles D. (2005) pp.281-284.

192 D. Miles has described the diet of the peasantry at this time as: “carbohydrate-based: dark bread, made mostly of rye, porridge and ale; milk in the form of buttermilk, whey, curds and cheese, and more beef, pork and fish for the better-off. Cabbage and leeks are the vegetables most frequently referred to in medieval documents, along with fruit such as apples and pears…Sugar was still an expensive rarity, imported from the thirteenth century at 2 shillings a pound in 1264, and still 7 pence a pound in 1334…. Many subsisted on ale- a heavy nutritious drink made of barley and oats, while the better-off drank wine from Gascony and Anjou. London was bursting with taverns but home- brewing was common. …the average for the population was 3 pints a day in the 1340s” D. Miles (2005) pp.274.

193 This section is based extensively on N. Saul (1997) The Sussex gentry and the oath to uphold the acts of the Merciless Parliament. In Sussex Archaeological Collections. Vol 135 (1997) pp. 221-9.

194 The Bradebryge family took their name from present day Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham. They appear to have been of well–to–do freeholder standing, with lands in the area of Slinfold, Warnham and Horsham. The charters, which begin in the 13th century and go through to the 16th, show them buying and selling parcels of land and arranging settlements within the family. In the middle of the 14th century Roger Bradebryg was particularly active. In 1352 and 1353 he acquired land in Slinfold and in 1356 in Itchingfield. The impression is given by the charters that the Bradebrygs were a family on the make. Through sound management of resources they had money to spare, and like others in their position they invested it in land. By Henry VIII’s time, members of the family had sufficiently consolidated their position to rank as “gentlemen” and to seek commemoration in the local church” (Saul 225) Walterus Bradebryg – son and heir of Roger de Bradebrugg of Broadbridge – married Isabella (surname unknown), member of long established Horsham area family, held land in Horsham, Slinfold and Warnham. Died in 1408 succeeded by his son John.

195 Stephanus Absle. In 1379 assed at 3s 4d at Dishenhurst in Itchingfield. In 1399 said to be 58 and more in a proof of age. The Abseles held an estate at Apsley in Thakeham. He was frequently a tax collector.

196 Byne Held the manor or estate of Byne in West Grinstead; and said to be 54 and more in a proof of age in 1399. A tax collector. Died before or in 1399.

197 Rogerus A Tax collecto.r

198 Clothale Assed at half a mark at West Grinstead in 1379 poll tax said to be 56 and more in a proof of age in 1399. Held an estate later treated as a manor in West Grinstead. Frequent tax collector. His name is given to a farm Clothalls in West Grinstead.

199 Willelmus Shode for Horsham 1385,1393, 1399, Wantele Receiver of the honour of Bramber in 1381, in that capacity an associate of Thomas Mowbray Earl of Nottingham, later Duke of Norfolk, one of the junior Appellants of 1387. In 1398 he secured a pardon from the king for supporting the Appellants, probably because of his association with Mowbray. Held property in Horsham. In 1389 brought an assize against John White and others for disseising him of lands in the town, but lost the action because allegedly he influenced the jurors. In 1403 he did homage to the bishop of Chichester for lands in Amberley. …Died in 1424 and commemorated by a brass in Amberley church.

200 Robert Frenssh “A Robert Frensshe acquired 2 messuages in Horsham and Warnham in 1365 (Saul)”. Albery notes that a Robert Le Frensshe was a MP for 1357, 1360, 61,62,66,69,71, 72, and 1373, whilst Henry Frensshe is recorded as MP in 1382,83, and 83 and a “certain tenement being half a Burgage- called Red Lion, formerly called Frenches” was mentioned in the Borough survey of 1611. (Albery 309).

201 Boteller MP for Horsham 1386,90,(Jan), 91, 95, 97 (Sept). In 1398 was granted a pardon for supporting the Appallents, but almost certainly by the closing years of the reign a supporter of the king. In January 1400 he was interrogated before the council along with Sir Thomas Sackville for alleged involvement in the rising of the earls, but quickly discharged on bail in 1447 license was granted to Richard Wakehurst and others “to found a Chantry in Horsham Church for a Chaplain to say Divine Service for the souls of Henry Botiler and Maria his wife” Albery. 506.

202 Wyldegos Mp for Horsham 1378, 81,83 (Feb) 1388 (Feb) 1397 (Jan). In 1398 he was granted a pardon for adhering to the former Appellants. Tax collector in Sussex May 1398. Frequent witness to deeds at Horsham. Last mentioned March 1412 In 1366 he bought 7 acres of land in Horsham (Albery).

203 Saul p.221.

204 VCH p.180.

205 This negotiating of feudal dues was widespread as peasants converted their obligations to money rents, leading to a disappearance of serfdom during the fifteenth century (Miles D. (2005) p.285.

206 Pers com Dr. Hughes who notes Vigors dates to the late 14th century. 207 VCH p.185.

208 Jane Bowen (?)Illustrated Guide to Horsham parish Church of St Mary the Virgin p7.

209 VCH p.174. As David Miles notes, the chronicler Mathew Paris complained as early as 1255 that the city (London) was “overflowing with Poivtevins, Provincals, Italians and Spaniards” …Medieval England was a great producer and exporter of wool, but an importer of expensive, finished cloth. In 1377 Edward III announced: “All the cloth workers of strange lands, of whatsoever country they be which will come to England…shall come safely and securely, and shall be in the King’s protection and safe conduct, to dwell in the same lands choosing what they will”…in 1440, Richard 11 introduced a tax on all foreigners living the country-except the Hanse merchants, who had special privileges. “in London the largest group of foreigners were Dutch – which included Flemings, Germans and Brabantes, followed by Italians, French. Between 1440 and 1501 the number of aliens in London doubled to at least 3,000 out of 50,000 population. – reflecting economic growth of Britain” Miles D. (2005) p.287.

210 Whilst this is explained in many history books that cover the period Simon Schama, above, is one of the most readable. If you wish to explore this further, Cambridge History of Agriculture multi-volume set with its bibliography is a good starting place

211 Knight J. (2002) An archaeological Survey of Horsham Museum in Horsham heritage No 7 pp.59-64.

212 VCH p.174.

213 VCH p.136.

214 VCH p.172 & Dr Hughes Horsham Houses.

215 VCH p.171.

216 VCH.

217 W D Cooper. Guilds and chantries SAC XXII.

218 Honeywood T. (1874) The discovery of medieval pottery at Horsham Sussex SAC Vol XX 194-7. Godman P.S. Early English Pottery at Horsham in SAC Notes and Queries L pp.178-9 Barton K. J. (1979) Medieval Sussex Pottery.

219 See D Hurst (1868) History and Antiquities of Horsham who mentions this Doctor.

220 Porter History of Medicine.

Chapter 7

221 Miles D. (2005) p.297.

222 Miles D. (2005) p.318.

223 VCH 144

224 Pers com Dr Hughes Nov.2004.

225 VCH p.133.

226 VCH p.145.

227 VCH p.130.

228 VCH p.145.

229 See Vol 11 for the account of the enclosure of Horsham Common.

230 VCH p.191.

231 Cooper W.D. (1890) “Guild and Chantries in Horsham” in Sussex Archaeological Society Collections vol XX pp.148-159.

232 Dr Hughes North Horsham.

233 This taxation also revealed that the population of Britain had hardly increased since the Black Death, partly due to the continued flare up of plagues – D. Miles (2005) p.273.

234 A Hughes Horsham houses p 6, 14-17, Cornwall J. 1976 Sussex Wealth and Society in the Reign of Henry VIII In SAC 114 pp 1-26, Cornwall J.C.K. (1988) Wealth and Society in Early Sixteenth Century England. RKP.

235 VCH 136.

236 VCH 135-6.

237 This section is based in part on Dr A. Hughes Chesworth.

238 VCH 132. 239 This account is based on Catherine Davies’ article on Agnes duchess of Norfolk in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OUP 2004.

240 VCH p.199.

241 VCH p.191

242 The exact date of the dissolution of the Chantries is confusing as they were not all dissolved at the same time. The chantry known as Holy Trinity was dissolved by John Caryll in 1541 and others later VCH p.191.

243 London was a popular destination. As D. Miles has shown: “London, in particular, consumed its children; its rapid population growth depending entirely on the high rate of immigration to compensate for the city’s deadly environment” (298) and going on “in the mid-sixteenth century about 1,250 youths arrived in London to take up apprenticeships. Of the 32,000 apprentices recorded in sixteenth-century London, all but 73 were male and only 2 per cent of them worked for women.(322) London’s population grew by about 3,300 a year in spite of its appalling death rate, which exceeded the birth rate by about ten per thousand. This meant a shortfall of about 2,500 people a year. In other words, net immigration of 6,000 people each year was needed to maintain London’s growth rate. So about half the population increase in England was drawn to London” (334) D. Miles 2005.

244 The following is based on Wilson A.N. History of Collyers School 1963 London Edward Arnold Ltd.

245 A transcript of the will can be found in A.N. Wilson’s book p.192-197.

246 Wilson p.193.

247 Hughes (2006) The vicarage at Horsham and some of its occupants in HH. Vol 15. pP.3-12.

248 Cooper cited above.

249 Cooper cited above.

250 VCH p.133.

251 Swales R. J. W. (1976) the Howard Interest in Sussex Elections 1529-1558 In SAC 114 pp.49-60.

252 Parish registers.

253 See Wealden Iron above.

254 This section is based on the research undertaken for the Crime and Punishment Gallery at Horsham Museum. Dr Hughes’s article “the Sussex County Gaols in Horsham Pt 1” is published in Horsham Heritage No. 4 (2001) pp.29-40.

255 The following section is based on D Starkey 1990 Rivals in Power.

256 See SAC Vol

257 Sussex Churches.

258 A Hughes Chesworth.

259 Swales R. J. W. (1976) the Howard Interest in Sussex Elections 1529-1558 In SAC 114 pp.49-60 Note, the house that Somerset was building in London, which was still uncompleted at his execution, passed to the Crown upon his death. The interior of Somerset House had been filled with looted goods from the Norfolk estates, mainly Kenning Hall in Norfolk, but perhaps Chesworth as well.

260 “Compendious examination of the complaints of our countrymen” quoted by D. Hurst.p.12.

261 This section is based on M. Beswick Sussex Brickmaking.

262 Knight J., Causeway House Horsham Heritage.

263 Oliver Rackham (1986) A History of the British Countryside.

264 Windrum p.92.

265 VCH p.147.

266 Quoted in Causeway Magazine vol 3 p.47.

267 Jupp P. C. & Gittings C. (eds) (1999) Death in England An illustrated History MUP.

268 Windrum p.19.

269 Windrum pp.180-181 for this and the next paragraph.

270 Causeway Magazine above.

271 This section is based on Starkey above and Schama.

272 Knight Causeway house above.

273 Dr Hughes Pers com. November 2004

274 Sussex Notes and Queries.

275 Comber was fluent in Hebrew, Arabic, Coptic, Syric, Chaldee, Persian, Greek and Latin whilst having colloquial knowledge of French, Spanish and Italian. D. Hoyle Comber Thomas Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OUP 2004, A. N. Wilson 46 /47 who goes in to detail his further career

276 A. N. Wilson p 39 On board the lord admiral’s flagship during the Armada campaign, earning renown in the action off Calais, was William Hervey, who 13 years later in 1601 would sit as an MP for Horsham Appleby J C Hervey William Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005.

277 A. N. Wilson p 39 and WEB pages.

278 See various WEB pages to the Catholic saint. N. P. Brown Southwell Robert, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005.

279 Hodge p 175.

280 Transcription of the Parish register has been published.

281 VCH 131.

282 Causeway Magazine 56. 283 Causeway Magazine p55.

284 Wealden Iron.

285 A.Sinney Horsham heritage Vol1, p45.

286 Rackham above. 287 VCH pp130-131 A load of wood is 50 foot cubed for squared timber and 40 foot cubed for logs. A cord is a stack eight foot by four foot by four foot, no piece being less than three inches in girth. It weighs around 3,300lb c 1500Kg. Therefore, Langhurst wood provided 17,25million kg of underwood. By 1591 a cord cost 30d (2/6d) making this worth £1,437 – See Syble Jack below.

288 VCH p168.

289 The following is taken from Causeway Magazine p.56.

290 A. Siney Horsham Heritage 1 pp.44-47.

291 VCH p.191.

292 VCH p.191

293 Hunnisett R. F. (1996) Sussex Coroner’s Inquests 1558-1603 p.43

294 See Medicine below for a full account of this witch.

295 VCH pp.180-181.

296 This section is based on Ibbetson Dodderidge, Sir John, Oxford Dictionary of national biography 2005.

297 Albery put forward this suggestion in his Parliamentary History of Horsham published in 1928 and his argument was reiterated in his Millennium, Windrum, pp.43/44 and the Causeway Magazine p. 48.

298 Albery above.

299 Windrum 44.

300 This section is based on Dr Hugh’s North Horsham and Chesworth, Causeway Magazine, VCH pp 156-66 and Windrum.

301 Childes Sussex Churches.

302 The key sources to this story are A. Hughes Chesworth, & D. Starkey 1990 Rivals in Power. Where there is dispute over dating of events or differences of emphasis I have used Starkey as the authority in this and further accounts relating to the Tudor Court

303 Simon Schama History of Briton Vol 1 p.333.

304 The following section is based on Starkey.

305 Based on Llewellyn N. (1991) The Art of Death V&A /Reaktion Books Ltd.

306 See Turner E. (1858) Sele Priory, And some notice of the Carmelite Friars…” in SAC Vol. 10 p127

307 For a rich and detailed account of the religious struggles and family connections see A. Hodge (2005) God’s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth’s Forbidden Priests and the hatching of the Gunpowder Plot Harper Collins London. Although it has very little to say on Horsham, it does provide a useful background.

308 This section is based on Graves M.A.R, Copley Thomas, Copley Anthony Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OUP 2005, Allen E. Copley John, Oxford Dictionary of National biography 2005. & Hughes A. F. The early History of north Horsham p.8.

309 Robert Southwell, a cousin stayed with the Copleys for a short while – see above.

310 (B.L. Landsdowne MSS vol.72, no39).

311 Shell A. 1999 Catholicism, controversy and the English literary imagination 1558-1660 p 134 quoted in DNB article above)

312 As a footnote to the Copley story, Thomas Copley, born in Madrid in 1594, was the grandson of Thomas Copley. His father was William, a brother to Anthony and John. William returned to England in 1603, living till 1643, Thomas, however, in 1611 left for Louvain where he became a Jesuit, giving up his lands to his younger brother, William. He returned to London by 1623/4 and in 1634 petitioned Charles I that as he was “alien born”, he should not be arrested or molested for his religion. In 1637, he sailed to Maryland where the settlement had been established four years earlier, and as he took with him 48 men he was entitled to 10,000 acres of land. He became involved with various law suits and claims, and in 1650 he demanded 20,000 acres of land for transporting sixty men. He is last heard of in 1652.

313 Sullivan C. (2002) The Rhetoric of Credit Merchants in Early Modern Writing. Associated University Presses p 23. This work explores in some depth the response by writers to the rise of the merchant and his status. The first half of the book looks at its history, and the second, the literary side.

314 Sullivan C. (2002) p.27 quoting G. De Malynes Lex Mercatoria.

315 Sullivan C. (2002) p.29 quoting Ympen Boke of Accomptes.

316 Sullivan C. (2002) p.31.

317 Sullivan C. (2002) P.31 quoting Lewes Roberts The Marchants Mapp of Commerce.

318 Sullivan C. (2002) p.34.

319 This article is based on J. G. Elzinga “Osborne Peter” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OUP 2004.

320 Sixth report, HMC, 1,497, quoted in DNB above.

Chapter 8

321 A Hughes Chesworth VCH p.157.

322 Clear and Crossley Wealdean Iron.

323 VCHp.158.

324 There are differing accounts, see Causeway Magazine p.119, VCH p.158.

325 VCH p.159.

326 VCH p.158.

327 Albery Parliamentary History.

328 Causeway Magazine pp.90-93.

329 VCH149.

330 See above.

331 Cleere & Crossley p. 364.

332 Cleere & Crossley p.122.

333 A. F. Hughes & J. Knight (1999) Hills p.4 The following paragraphs are based on the book.

334 Kirk J.C. (2004) The early-modern carpenter and timber framing in the rural Sussex Weald in Sussex Archaeological Collections 142 pp.93-105 p.99.

335 Kirk above.

336 McKendrick N. Brewer, J. Plumb J.H. (1982) The Birth of the Consumer Society. The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England.

337 Hughes A. F. (1995) Head to Toe: Goods and Chattels of some Horsham Tradesmen 1612-1734 p.1.

338 Hughes. A.F.(1997) Down at the Old Bull And Bush 1611-1806 pp.11-16.

339 Hughes A.F. (1999) “Clothyng oft Maketh Man”: Goods & Chattels of some Horsham Tradesmen.p.13.

340 SAC The Whites of Horsham.

341 Hughes A.F. 1997 Pen Ink & Scalpel: Goods & Chattels of some Horsham Professionals 1626-1750 p.13.

342 Hughes A. F. (1999) above p.14-15.

343 The following section is based on A. F. Hughes (2001) The Sussex County Gaols In Horsham Part I in Horsham Heritage No. 4 pp.29-40. Albery W, Millennium and Windrum A History of Horsham.

344 The following section was taken from research done for a Crime and punishment exhibition. The three key books used were Barty-King H. (1991) The Worst Poverty A history of Debt., Byrne R. (1989) Prisons and Punishments of London, Salgado G. (1977) The Elizabethan Underworld. As well as Allan, G.A.T. (1984) Christ’s Hospital (revised by J E Morpurgo) and Windrum. Hughes, Albery quoted above).

345 When I decided to write this history I wrote an account of the dragon, and this was shown to Sue Djabri who incorporated aspects of it into, her article and also showed for the first time that the people mentioned are recorded in the Parish Register. That was in 2005. In 2006, on reading an article on the nature of printing type and the “authority” that black letter had over Roman, I asked the British Library, as inheritors of the British Museum book and manuscript collection, if they could tell me what the font ,was. All published sources quote the article as being in the British Museum. However, they replied they did not have it; it was held at the Bodleian. Not only that, but the only copies they had must be abridgements. The Bodleian Library very kindly furnished a copy. It showed the pamphlet to be totally different from what was assumed or known. It pays to undertake research.

346 Since the 1970s, and particularly since the 1990s, bibliography has moved away from pure description to assessing the printed item as an object that is part of a communication circuit. See Adams, T.R. & Barker, N. 2001. A New Model for the study of the Book, in N. Barker (ed) A Potencie of Life: Books in Society. The Clark Lectures 1986-1987. The British Library Studies in the History of the Book, 5-43 (pbk edition). Second Edition London. The British Library Johns, A. 1998. The Nature of the Book: Print and Knowledge in the Making. Chicago. Chicago University Press and others.

347 Dudley, 1836, Hurst 1868 and 1888, Wales Fabulous Horsham and Djabri Horsham Heritage 13.

348 The full story is recounted in Knight J forthcoming

349 John Trundle was born in 1575 and died in 1629. His claim to fame is as the publisher, with Nicholas Ling, of the pirate copy of Hamlet in 1603.349 This is known as the “bad” copy because it was based on actor’s memory; for example,, the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question,” becomes in Trundle’s version “To be, or not to be, I there’s the point”. This, though, has been debated by Shakespeare, book and literary historians. Trundle became a qualified printer in 1597 and set up his printing press in the Barbican “at the Sign of nobody”. He also apparently ran a tavern. From 1603 to 1629 he was also a publisher and bookseller and in 1629 his widow Margaret sold his copyright to various books, suggesting he had died by then.

350 McKerrow.R.B. (1929) Edward Allde as a typical trade Printer. The Library 4th series Vol.X No 2 pp 121-162

351 Halliwell J.O. (1867) Note on The Serpent of St. Leonard’s Forest Sussex Archaeological Society collections. Vol 19.p191.

352 This estimated number is based on the estimated print runs of books; newspaper sheets may have been either greater or lesser in number, see St Clair below for further discussion of print numbers.

353 See Riches S. (2000) St George Hero, Martyr and Myth, chapter five “The Dragon Myth: light verses dark, for a particularly English look at the belief in the dragon. She refers to St Leonard’s Forest dragon.

354 In the opening paragraph, the letter to the reader, the author comments on the number of pamphlets being published which are full of lies, aiming at misleading the public at large, so how could he be surprised if the public didn’t believe him. Also, with Trundle a known seller of ballads and plays, he wanted to make clear its credibility. Yet as discussed below it was not printed by Trundle at all.

355 Djabri S. C. (2006) The “Dragon” of St. Leonard’s Forest in Horsham Heritage No 14. pp.3-16.

356 It was also the era of cabinets of curiosities, with their collections of the strange and wonderful, some of which were obvious fakes, but willingly accepted as real. It was the age of the Unicorn and the unicorn horn, See Bloom P. (2002) To Have and to Hold An intimate history of Collectors and Collecting, London. Allen Lane. Pearce, S.M. 1995. On Collecting An investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition. London Routledge

357 See footnote above and the elaborations at the end of the chapter.

358 Djabri above. p 13 who suggests it might be Adrian Russell “of the Forest” or Abraham Russell, both mentioned in the Parish Register.

359 Djabri (2006) p11.

360 For a full discussion on the psychology of forests and woodlands through history see Schama S. (1995) Landscape & Memory.

361 The following account is based on Beaufort D. A. (1993) The Medical Practitioners of Western Sussex in the early modern period: Preliminary Survey in Sussex Archaeological Collections. Vol 131 pp.139-152. and Hughes A.F. (1997) Pen, Ink & Scalpel: Goods & Chattels of some Horsham Professionals 1626-1750 whilst the general medical context is mainly drawn from Porter R. (1997) The Greatest Benefit to Mankind London. Harper Collins.

362 See above for account of Medieval doctor.

363 Stone L. (1977) Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800 has a very good account of the perils of childbirth.

364 (just as bleeding of humans by leeches was thought to draw out the bad blood or evil humours, so the same thinking carried to livestock).

365 See A.N. Wilson above.

366 This section is based on Burstow H. (1911) Reminiscences of Horsham. At the end of the book is an account of Bell ringing at Horsham which was based William Albery’s research. See also Winbolt Parish Church of St Mary’s above.

367 A Horsham born man, Canon Simpson would play an important part in the development of bell tuning, see elaboration at the end of this chapter. 368 See Albery Parliamentary and Windrum History.

369 The following section is based on Fletcher A. (1975) A County Community in peace and War: Sussex 1600-1660. pp.135-142.

370 Fletcher p.136.

371 Fletcher p.137.

372 see above.

373 Fletcher p.136.

374 Fletcher p.138.

375 Fletcher p.159.

376 Hughes above.

377 McConville S. (1981) A History of English Prison administration. 1750-1877 Chp 1 & 2.

378 Albery Millennium & Hughes above.

379 Hughes above

380 Fletcher.

381 Fletcher p.141 quoting Redwood (1954) Quarter Sessions Order Book 1642-1649 Sussex record Society LIV.

382 Fletcher p.143.

383 Fletcher goes into some detail on this important issue.

384 Fletcher p.342.

385 Fletcher pp.342/3.

386 This section is based on VCH pp.185-187.

387 Windrum p.92.

388 Causeway Magazine.

389 VCH p.202.

390 VCH p.185.

391 O’Callaghan, M. Browne W. William Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OUP 2005. 392 Edwards A.S.G., (1997) Medieval Manuscripts owned by William Browne of Tavistock (1590/1?-1643/5?) In J.P. Carley & Colin G.C. Tite Books and Collectors 1200-1700 London. British Library pp.441-449.

393 Edwards p.442.

394 Edwards p.441.

395 Sarah Hurst Diary records borrowing of books etc – see the chapter on the 18th century.

396 This did not put everyone off, though. In the late ‘30s, Thomas Farnaby, a school-teacher and grammarian who would amass a sizable fortune, would with his second wife buy a house and lands at Horsham. Soon after, the King personally requested him to write his final grammarian work, Systema grammaticum, in 1641 to supersede Lily’s work. On his death in 1647, after spending time in a prison hulk for alleged royalist sympathies, his eldest son John inherited his Horsham property. Farneby was close friends with lawyer-historian John Seldom and playwright Ben Jonson, and corresponded with Dutch intellectuals. He was known as “the chief Grammarian, Rhetorician, Poet, Latinist and Grecian of his time,” according to Anthony Wood. McDermott J. Farnaby Thomas Oxford Dictionary of National biography 2004.

397 This paragraph is based on Wilson p.58.

398 VCH p.192.

399 Windrum p.23/4.

400 Knight (2003) Horsham Her Story

401 Fletcher p.226.

402 Miles D.

403 Fletcher p.288.

404 Fletcher p.271.

405 Sue Djabri argues that R. T. stands for Robert Tredcroft the vintner, see below,

406 A. N. Wilson p.69.

407 Fletcher pp.273-275, Causeway Magazine No. 4 pp.63-65.

408 see M Weir-Wilson (2006) “Ambrose Rigge and the early history of the Quakers in Sussex” in Horsham Heritage No. 14 pp.17-27.

409 For this and the next paragraph see Fletcher 121.

410 It was this Robert Tredcroft who was later heard to declare “that as soon as the Kings forces reached Sussex they “would kill such roundheaded rogues as did hold to the parliament”, after he had read some Royalist pamphlets that had been circulated around Horsham area by the Nuthurst minister George Edgley. Fletcher 281, and who Sue Djabri (below) argues wrote the report on Horsham that is signed R. T. (see Causeway Magazine No.4 p.64 for a reprint of the account.

411 John Tredcroft was a member of a close-knit group of Puritan ministers which included Nathaniel Hilton of Billingshurst and John Chatfield of Horsham who “colonised the commissions for ejecting scandalous ministers” Fletcher p.107.

412 Djabri S.C. (2002) “a Perfect Type of an old Sussex Squire”: The Tredcrofts of the Manor House and Warnham Court in Horsham Heritage No.7 pp.23-39.

413 Fletcher p.316.

414 Fletcher p.317.

415 A Century of strife – check.

416 A N Wilson p.70.

417 A Century of Strife – check.

418 The Religious Census of Sussex, Sussex Record Society Vol 48.

419 Hughes A.F. & Knight J. (1999) Hills Horsham’s lost stately home and garden.

420 VCH p.157

421 A. F. Hughes. Chesworth.

422 This and the next paragraph is based on century of strife – check.

423 A. N. Wilson pp.77/78.

424 A. N. Wilson p.82

425 Cleare & Crosley.

426 Causeway p.8

427 R. Bloome Britannia (1673) p.225.

428 Windrum 182 Causeway p.43.

429 Causeway p.43.

430 Windrum p.183.

431 see below.

432 quoted in Albery Parliamentary History p.33.

433 Albery Millennium p.414; Windrum p84, Fletcher.

434 Hughes A. Knight J. Hills.

435 One of the debates in history and in cultural geography has been how and when societies develop enough capital for time to be spent by a few to invest not in producing foodstuffs but in cultural items, be it literature or art.

436 Wilson p.74.

437 See H. Love for further information on Scribal publications.

438 Hughes 1997 Pen Ink & Scalpel: goods & chattels of some Horsham Professionals 1626-1750 p.41-48.

439 Cambridge History of the Book. 440 For a full discussion on the trade see St Clair below.

441 Pathways to print series – add in reference.

442 A. Hughes 1997 above. Dr Hughes has produced a number of transcripts of tradesmen in the town including Head to Toe Goods and Chattels of some Horsham Tradesmen 1612-1734 (1995), Down at the old Bull and Bush, goods & Chattels of some Horsham Innkeepers 1611-1806 (1997), Hell for Leather Best Foot Forward Goods & chattels of some Horsham Shoemakers 1626-1734 (1999). It is from these transcripts that the following accounts are taken.

443 See M. Spurford – ref to follow.

444 see Darlow and Moule Catalogue of English bibles in the British & Foreign Bible Society.

445 White M. Isaac Newton. The Last Sorcerer.

446 Albery Milleniump.110. See below for a full discussion on tokens and Knight J. (2006).

447 Cambridge History of the Book- p.88 quote full reference.

448 Hughes & Knight Hills.

449 For a discussion of the history of historical research see Antiquaries and artists in Sussex 1585-1835 in Farrant J. (2001) Sussex Depicted: views and descriptions 1600-1800. Though according to one website the dragon story was incorporated into a poem/song in the late 17th century.

450 Harris, P.R. (1998) A history of the British Museum library 1753-1973 & Wilson D.M. (2002) The British museum A History.

451 See The Cambridge History of English and American Literature Vol 9.

452 See Knight (2006) The True account of St Leonard’s dragon.

453 Dudley H. (1836) History of Horsham pp.46-51 which reprints the tale, See 19th century for a full account of the author.

454 Hurst D. (1889) History and Antiquities of Horsham p.168 for smugglers and p.169 for the dragon tale which is reprinted in full (second edition).

455 Walpole’s Castle of Ortario is said to be the first gothic book, whilst his Strawberry Hill mansion created in stone a mock gothic fantasy which became popular in the late 18th century.

456 Lee published the first book in Horsham, but this is doubted – see the 18th century for an account of the publication.

457 M. Judson (ed) (1999) Off the Wall a catalogue of Horsham museum’s poster Collection.

458 See the section on the rebuilding of the Town Hall below for a full account of what Norfolk was trying to achieve.

459 Information taken from an exhibition produced by the Sussex Bell ringers

460 The following section is based on the entries for DNB Online and Albery.

Chapter 9

461 A. Hughes 1997 above. Dr Hughes has produced a number of transcripts of tradesmen in the town including Head to Toe Goods and Chattels of some Horsham Tradesmen 1612-1734(1995), Down at the old Bull and Bush, Goods & Chattels of some Horsham Innkeepers 1611-1806, (1997), Hell for Leather Best Foot Forward Goods & Chattels of some Horsham Shoemakers 1626-1734 (1999) It is from these transcripts that the following accounts are taken.

462 See Ellis M (2004) The Coffee House. A Cultural history Weidenfield & Nicholson. London.

463 Pennington J. (1999) Inns and Alehouses in 1686 in Leslie and Short above, pp.68-69.

464 Hughes A. & Knight J. (1999) Hills Horsham’s lost stately home and garden HMS.

465 Burstow H. (1911) Reminiscences of Horsham being recollections of Horsham Free Christian Church, Horsham. 466 See Linda Colley (1992) Britons: Forging the nation. 1707-1837 Yale UP for a full account of this story.

467 The degree to which large parts of English gentry were plotting with the French Court to see the return of the Stuart monarchy would only be revealed in the late 20th century.

468 Whitlock R. (1983) The English Farm J M Dent.

469 In 1708, 1715 and 1745 expeditionary forces in support of the Stuarts landed in Scotland with the intention of marching on London. Whilst there were other Jacobite invasion scares in 1717,1719,1720-1,1743-4 and 1759 see Colley above.

470 Albery 1927 pp.510/11.

471 The Michel portion of the house would eventually end up in the Shelley family ownership and be incorporated into Arun house, the home of Shelley’s grandfather. It still stands today. See Djabri, Knight, Hughes Shelley’s of Field Place.

472 Wilson p.82.

473 Wilson p.83.

474 Quoted in McKendrick N., Brewer J., & Plumb J. H. (1983) the Birth of a consumer society Hutchinson. See also McKendrick “Introduction” and “The consumer revolution of Eighteenth-Century England” above. pp.1 – 33 for a fuller exploration of this view.

475 Since the publication of the book by Mckendrick cited above, recent work has revealed the consumer to be a pre-18th century animal, existing when and wherever circumstances allowed.

476 Sue Djabri pers com.

477 VCH p.172.

478 Siney A. above.

479 Windrum p.118.

480 VCH p.168.

481 Windrum p.118.

482 Windrum p.127.

483 This burgage house was rediscovered during archaeological excavations carried out by the Museum Society after the fire nearly wrecked the building in the early 1980s. Behind the stud walling and the plasterwork was revealed the medieval timber framing and wattle and daub infill panels.

484 Windrum p.45.

485 This, and the following paragraphs, is explored in greater detail by Colley cited above.

486 This, and subsequent paragraphs, is based on Albery Parliamentary History.

487 Colley p.50.

488 Albery, in his Parliamentary history, gives biographical backgrounds to Horsham MPs; in the 18th century they came from, amongst other places, Lancashire, Middlesex, Westminster, Ayrshire, Somerset, Ireland, Bedfordshire etc.

489 Colley p.50.

490 Windrum p.48 notes that 85 claimed the right to vote in 1764.

491 Albery Parl p.77.

492 Albery in his Parl Hist. p.55-70 explores this election further.

493 Yes, both Ingrams were called Arthur.

494 Albery Parl p.61.

495 Albery Parliamentary History p.85.

496 In Southwater at least he will be remembered as a £26 million pound redevelopment officially completed on 15 December 2006 is named after him, Lintot Square. Lintot was born in Southwater, in the 18th century Southwater was part of Horsham Parish.

497 It had been suggested that the increase of coffee, tea and chocolate drinking from the 1650s caused the rise, but they were originally drunk unsweetened. Thomas pp.189/90.

498 Albery uses the illustration by Mann, which is wrong (Albery Mill. P135) VCH p183.

499 There are numerous books on the South Sea Bubble because in part it is seen as a historical antecedent of later stock market crashes, and it is explored to see if anything can be learnt from it. See www. Stock-market-crash.net/southsea.htm for example.

500 Hughes A. & Knight J. Hills above. This, and information about the Ingrams, is taken from the book. The book was written to complement an exhibition and was based in part on the notes collected by Mr Hobbs, that were given to the Museum by his widow. Dr Hughes wrote about the house; Mr Knight the social and narrative.

501 Rich was his true name; he was christened Rich, not Richard.

502 Quoted in Mack. p.393.

503 Albery Mill. p460.

504 Albery Mill. p462-468.

505 Lindfield pp. 7, 43.

506 Albery Mill p.478.

507 Caffyn J. (198) Sussex Believers. Baptist Marriage in the 17th & 18th Centuries. Churchmen Publishing. Worthing. P 168 note Ridgick is Rudgwick, Green for Wisborough Green.

508 VCH p.187.

509 Wilson p.92-5.

510 VCH p.178

511 VCH records 1719 p.196, Albery Mill records 1721 p.624.

512 VCH p.196.

513 Beswick, M. (1999) Brickmaking in Sussex.

514 VCH p.164.

515 Beevers, Marks Roles p.129.

516 VCH p.194.

517 VCH p.194.

518 See Farrent J. (2001) Sussex Depicted: Views & Descriptions 1600-1800. Sussex Record Society Vol 85. which includes extracts from the notes. These have been supplemented with extracts made by Albery. See Albery Millennium pp.113-115.

519 Referring here to one of the five orders of architecture. Perhaps the author could not make up his mind which order.

520 Farrent 2001. pp.21-22 with additions from Albery.

521 Albery Millennium p.114.

522 VCH p.187.

523 Albery p.357.

524 VCH p.186.

525 VCH p.172.

526 VCH p.169.

527 VCH p.168.

528 Windrum p.117.

529 VCH p.168.

530 See Rackham who explores this subject. In the account of Horsham Borough given in 1611 the following occurs: “That the common or parcel of waste lande called Horsham Heath is the Demesne of the said Earl…” (Albery Millennium p.55) – note ‘common’ is small ‘c’, though later it uses the large ‘C’

531 Albery Millennium p.55.

532 VCH p.168.

533 Albery Millennium p.171.

534 Albery Millennium p.172.

535 VCH p.154.

536 Windrum p.138.

537 Underdown D. (2000) Start of play. Cricket and Culture in Eighteenth century England. London. Allen Lane. See also McCann T. J. (2004) Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century Lewes Sussex Record Society Vol. 88 which transcribes various sources details of cricket matches.

538 Underwood p.16.

539 Underwood p.13.

540 Windrum p.141.

541 Underwood shows how later on, to use his phrase “Cricket be high-jacked by the London elite”. 542 Windrum p.141, though the actual record doesn’t mention a game at Horsham; just that Gentlemen from Horsham played with Gentlemen from Henfield and Woodmancote against the Gentlemen of the Downs. McCann p.73.

543 VCH p.154.

544 Not 1735 as stated by Albery Millennium p.593.

545 (HMS 4061.1).

546 Albery Millennium p. 607.

547 Robinson, F.A. jnr. (2001) The Correspondence of Charles Eversfield M.p. and the Rev. John Eversfield of Maryland Horsham Heritage no 4 2001 p.41-49.

548 The American story is told in full in Djabri S.C., Hughes A.F. & Knight J. (2000) The Shelleys of Field Place Horsham. Horsham Museum Society.

549 Djabri above 2000 p.42.

550 Djabri pp.44/45/51-59.

551 Djabri S.C.(2003)The Diaries of Sarah Hurst1759-1762: Life and Love in 18th century Horsham. Horsham Museum Society.

552 Yorke P.C. (1931) The Diary of John Baker London. Hutchinson & co. p.334. 553 Yorke P.C. above. p.232.

554 Yorke P.C. above. p.245.

555 Albery Millennium p265-269 goes into detail over this account.

556 Albery. Millennium 266.

557 Albery Millennium p268.

558 Albery Mill. 345.

559 Knight J. (2000) above.

560 Comber above p.12.

561 Comber p.11.

562 Albery Millennium p.342

563 Albery Millennium p.343

564 Albery Millennium p.343.

565 Comber p.11.

566 Hughes & Knight (1999) Hills p.28.

567 HMS 793.4.

568 Hutchinson. T (1746) A Sermon preached in the Parish-Church of Horsham in Sussex:…1746 p.16.

569 Hutchinson. T (1746) A Sermon preached in the Parish-Church of Horsham in Sussex:…1746 p.16.

570 The old Saxon name for the Forest.

571 Blaauw W.H. (1856) Extracts from the ‘Iter Sussexiense’ of Dr John Burton. Translated by W.H. Blaauw…read at Horsham, July 12.1855. Sussex archaeological Collections. Voll 8. p 250-265. Dr Burton wrote his account in Greek with some Latin.

572 Albery Mill pp.272-280 gives a fuller account.

573 According to Albery this was the first such body used for such a purpose in Sussex.

574 According to the original will.

575 Farrant J. (1999) Growth of Communications 1720-1840 in Leslie & Short (eds) An Historical atlas of Sussex. Chichester Phillimore pp.78-9.

576 Wilson. P96-101 and Albery Millennium p.602.

577 The term turnpike is explained in the following – In 1642 a magistrates court at Cirencester heard a case in which:- Each end of the High Street … was secured against a horse, with a strong straight boom which our men call Turn pike. A barrier with short metal spikes along the upper surface, placed across a road to stop passage till the toll has been paid.

578 Albery Millennium p.104.

579 Albery Millennium p.105.

580 Wilson p.103.

581 Wilson p.196.

582 Bragg M. (2006) Twelve books that changed the World London. Hodder & Stoughton p.299. Although not a book on economic theory it gives a very clear and understandable account for the most novice of economists.

583 Bragg p.305.

584 Wilson p.87.

585 The celebrated Diaries of Boswell are full of such movements.

586 Caffyn J. (1998) Sussex Schools in the 18th century. Schooling Provision, Schoolteachers and Scholars. Lewes Sussex Record Society. Vol 81.

587 Caffyn p.138.

588 Caffyn. P.138.

589 Djabri (2003) p xxii.

590 See above and Caffyn p.139.

591 Wilson p.104.

592 Djabri 2003.pxxv,

593 Cafyn p.139.

594 Cafyn p.141.

595 HMS p.343.

596 Cafyn p.143.

597 Djabri 2004p xxviii.

598 HMS 749.9.

599 See Hughes & Knight, 1999, Hills & Djabri (nd)The Horsham of Thomas Charles Medwin

600 HMS 333.

601 Djabri 2003 p.241.

602 (although at a later date Shelley at Oxford in 1810/11 refers to this effect).

603 See above description of Horsham in 1723.

604 Knight 2002.

605 Djabri 2003 & Yorke 1931.

606 Hughes and Knight 1999 p.57.

607 Hughes & Knight p.58.

608 Yorke p.366.

609 This, on a wider scale, is fully discussed by Underwood above.

610 Yorke p.236.

611 Blunt. W.S. (1909) “Extracts from Mr. John Baker’s Horsham Diary”, Sussex Archaeological Collections. Vol. 52 pp.38-82 p48.

612 Yorke p.310.

613 Yorke p.259.

614 In 1811 the Hon Martin Hawke introduced Thomas Medwin, the solicitor’s son, and future biographer of Shelley, to the Racket Club in Brighton to which Lord Byron also belonged. Djabri & Knight. (1995) Horsham’s Forgotten Son. Thomas Medwin Friend of Shelley and Byron. Horsham. Horsham District Council p.15.

615 Yorke p.260.

616 This is explored in Brewer et al above.

617 Djabri 2003.93-4.

618 This subject is explored in great detail by St Clair above.

619 Djabri 2003. 96.

620 HMS 794.17.

621 Djabri (2003). 243.

622 HMS 371.2.

623 Hughes & Knight 1999 p.45.

624 HMS 333 Papers concerning theatrical performances at Horsham 1785-1823.

625 Djabri (2003) p.26.

626 Djabri p 36.

627 Blunt p.46.

628 Djabri p.27.

629 See Uglow J. (1997) Hogarth and Poulson.

630 Quoted by Uglow p.99.

631 Djabri 2003.3.

632 Yorkep. 272.

633 VCH 147.

634 Farrant p.79 above.

635 Farrant p.79.

636 Hughes & Knight (1999) chapter 7.

637 HMS 798.2.

638 Knight 2002.

639 It could be argued that if they were healthy they would not require doctors or health practitioners, so their presence shows that they were unhealthy, or it shows a concern for health and these doctors were more preventative than curative, and a lot depends on definitions,

640 In 1759 The Gentleman’s Magazine estimated that one in four prisoners died in gaol each year: around 5,000 prisoners. Gaol Fever was so deadly that, as in 1750, the diseases swept through the Old Bailey claming the life of the Lord Mayor, two judges, an alderman, the jury and more than 50 others.

641 Albery Millennium p.377 & Windrum p.99.

642 Djabri 2003 p.19.

643 HMS 4601.3.

644 Hughes & Knight 1999 above.

645 In fact, as Dr Porter has shown, the image was drawn as a satire on Britain. For a full exploration of the subject of madness see Porter R. (2004) Madmen a social History of madhouses, Mad-Doctors and Lunatics. Stroud. Tempus.

646 Yorke p.245.

647 Porter p.117.

648 The Act for….the More Effectual Punishing such Rogues, Vagabonds, Sturdy Beggars, and Vagrants, and Sending them Whither They Ought to be sent”.

649 See Djabri, Hughes & Knight Shelley’s of Field Place for an account.

650 Porter pp.117-119.

651 Yorke p.361.

652 Yorke p.361.

654 It is copied out in the bound volume of Albery HMS 908.

655 The following is abbreviated from the Diary: 1. We do not know the facts in his favour are truthful. 2. “if a stranger is brought as a condemned criminal to any County Jail in England, the inhabitants of that town, knowing nothing of him, might on the same grounds petition for his being saved, which would be absurd”. 3. that it is a political consideration, not judicial. 4. That the Judges who know the information have declared him guilty. 5. There is already another petition and ours would be “mere spitting in the wind”. 6. Smuggling is rife and pardoning him would encourage it more. Yorke. P.264.

656 Yorke p.266.

657 The NB was added later.

658 Yorke p.231.

659 Yorke p.263.

660 Yorke p.291.

661 Djabri S.C. (2002) A Little News From Horsham. Horsham. Horsham Museum Society.

662 HMS 4061.4.

663 Yorke p.260.

664 Yorke p.263.

665 Yorke p.261.

666 Blunt p.66.

667 An inn in Southwater.

668 Yorke p.283. 669 Blunt p.74.

670 Albery p.636.

671 VCH p.150.

672 In 1785 the Prince of Wales passed through Horsham on the way to Brighton. Albery p.625.

673 VCH p.149.

674 HMS 796.1.

675 The following is taken from Bament J. (1989) Horsham Post. Horsham. Horsham Museum.

676 Bament p.7-9.

677 As late as 1892 some 32 million letters a year were still not delivered beyond the post town). It was not until 1897 that on the day of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee was it announced that a regular delivery of letters would be given to every house in the kingdom.

678 Albery Parliamentary p.117. Note Albery says it was General Smith of Horsham, but this is a misreading by Albery.

679 Farant p.79.

680 See Djabri S. (nd) The Horsham of Thomas Charles Medwin 1776-1829 Horsham. Horsham Museum Society.

681 HMS 303, 304.

682 Djabri p.10.

683 Albery Parliamentary History.

684 Coley 353.

685 Yorke p.341 Blunt p.77.

686 Yorke p.366.

687 Beaver p.49.

688 Beaver p.49.

689 Seating in 1874/5 200 people.

690 VCH p.197.

691 Farrant 2001.p48.

692 Farrant p.49.

693 Farrant p.47.

694 Although a passionate Sussex antiquary, he never lived in Sussex. Burrell’s father in law bought Knepp Castle just before he died. Burrell was an ecclesiastical lawyer by training and a successful one; he also obtained government posts. On marriage in 1773 he acquired a large fortune, and through the father-in-law the title which he took in 1788 on his father in law’s death, as well as £150-200,000 which was split between his wife and her sister. He then bought out his sister in law’s half share in Knepp, though they never stayed at the Sussex residence. In 1790 he bought Deepdene (a house that would play an important part in Horsham’s history) from the Duke of Norfolk where he died on 20 January 1796 and was buried at West Grinstead, his second son having inherited West Grinstead Park from Burrell’s uncle in 1789.

695 Farrant p.34-6.

696 Djabri S.C. (1995) The Horsham Companion Horsham. Horsham Museum Society p.23. 697 As above.

698 Djabri p.24.

699 Clair p.107.

700 Clair p.105.

701 Smith Wealth of Nations p.78 quoted in Clair p.115.

702 Lackington J. p.257.

703 Clair p 120 Interesting, and a point made later in this history and by Claire Shelley’s works, they were priced beyond the reach of his target audience, as they were new works.

704 Clair p.120.

705 The role of women within the history of Horsham has been overlooked, though an exhibition and publication produced in 2002 did try to redress the balance. (Knight).

706 HMS 579.

707 HMS 602.

708 HMS 2292, 2295,2297,2300 etc.

709 HMS 459.

710 John Caffyn has looked at Baptists in Horsham for this period and found a fascinating insight into the social practices.

711 HMS 414.

712 HMS 505.

713 HMS 287,479

714 HMS 383.

715 Knight, J. Horsham Her Story 2001.

716 Djabri Little Notes from Horsham (2002).

717 HMS 323.

718 In fact, because everyone had assumed Arthur Lee printed the book in Horsham, we have no knowledge yet of the next publication that was printed by a Horsham based printer.

719 St Clair p.103.

720 Feather J. A. History of British Publishing p.120.

721 HMS.331.

722 VCH p.195.

723 Robinson J. M. (1995) The Dukes of Norfolk Chichester. Philimore pp.168-184. 724 For a full account of the Duke’s personality see Robinson pp 171- 184.

725 Oxford Dictionary of Quotations.

726 Robinson p.181.

727 Robinson p.182.

728 See Rackham above.

729 Sussex Weekly Advertiser 8 Sept 1788.

730 Djabri et al Shelley’s of Field Place p.94.

731 pers.com S Djabri.

732 HMS 312.

733 This section is based on Ellis above, who devotes more space than is possible here.

734 The male preserve element is fully explored by Ellis, but cannot be dealt with here due to space.

735 Ellis p.55.

736 This occurred in the late 1980s with the American syndicated, Friends TV show, which created an image of a coffee shop that encircled the globe, along with the Seattle coffee chain Starbucks, amongst others

737 Ellis p.137.

738 Ellis p.138.

739 The trade being prostitution/whoring.

740 Ellis p.139.

741 Ellis quoting Coffee-houses Vindicated in answer to the late published Character of a Coffee-House 1675.

742 Ellis p. 60 quoting A brief Description of the Excellent Vertues of that Sober and wholesome Drink, called Coffee by Greenwood 1674.

743 For a full history on Corn mills of Horsham see Comber. G.H.W. (1996) Bygone Corn Mills in the Horsham Area. Horsham. Horsham Museum Society, from which the following is based.

744 M. Mack Alexander Pope; a Life. Yale U.P.

745 Johns A. (1998) The Nature of the Book. Chicago UP.

746 Today we take it for granted that the words on the page were as the author intended, yet this state of affairs is only a comparatively recent phenomenon and for that reason readers relied on the publisher, just as today, with the proliferation of information on the web, you go for known providers of information, such as BBC rather than X.

747 (Previously, books had to be licensed for publication by the Stationers Company, and the licence controlled print.)

748 This is fully explored in St Clair. W. (2004) The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Cambridge U.P.

749 Ezell M.J. (1999) Social Authorship and the advent of print London & Baltimore the John Hopkins U.P. p.78.

750 Ezell p.78.

751 See Djabri S. ed (2003) the Diaries of Sarah Hurst 1759-1762 Life and love in 18th century Horsham. Horsham Museum Society. Horsham.

752 Ezell.p.78.

753 Curwen, H. (1873) A History of Booksellers, the Old and the New. London: Chatto and Windus, pp.36-7

754 Nichols J. Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century ed by Colin Clair (1967) Fontwell, Centaur Press Ltd. p.210.

755 This is explored more fully in Foxon D. (1999) Pope and the early eighteenth century book trade rev. and ed J. McLaverty Oxford Clarendon U.P.

756 Ezell p.77.

757 In Southwater at least he will be remembered, as a £26 million pound redevelopment officially completed on 15 December 2006 is named after him, Lintot Square. Lintot was born in Southwater; in the 18th century Southwater was part of Horsham Parish.

758 Library 220.

759 Library 221.

760 Mack p.267.

761 Mack quoting an unnamed author, probably Foxon.

762 Foxon p.53.

763 Foxon p.51who also explores the full financial aspects and complexity of the publication.

764 Foxon p.57.

765 Mack p.268.

766 Foxon p.56.

767 Foxon p.63 Lady Mary was a celebrated traveller, writer and leader of society. 768 Foxon.p.59.

769 Nichols p.201.

770 Mack p.414.

771 Foxon p.97.

772 Foxon p.97.

773 Foxon p.98.

774 Foxon p.34.

775 Nichols p.215 Colins, Bleau, Plantin, Elziver, Aldus, Stephens were all celebrated and collected publishers/printers of books from working in Europe from 1495 through to c1660.

776 Foxon p.38. 777 Nichols p.202.

778 Nichols p.201

779 Nichols p.202.

780 Mack p.465.

781 Nichols p.202.

782 Barchas, J (2003) Graphic design Print Culture, and the Eighteenth –Century Novel Cambridge p60-61.

783 Bacchus above.

784 Bacchus above.

785 Pers com S. Djabri.

786 Mack p.639.

787 Albery Parl, Hughes & Knight (1999).

788 Nichols p.202.

789 Nichols p.202.

790 Pers. Com. S. Djabri.

791 Pers com S. Djabri

792 The Library 1975 pp.295-6.

793 Nichols p.300.

794 Nichols p.203..

795 This elaboration was researched for the Museum exhibition “Served on a plate”.

796 See John Burry in Djabri (nd) The Horsham of Thomas Charles Medwin 1776-1829. Horsham. Horsham Museum Society ppp.19 – 23 and HMS 370-372.

797 David Garner Medwin pers.com.

798 HMS 370-72.

799 Djabri (nd) 20.

800 Garner Medwin pers com.

801 See elaboration no. 6 below.

802 Djabri 2003 pp.115-21.

803 Yorke pp.279-281 & Blunt pp.66-69.

804 He could not have made the 1770 clock noted by Tyler.

805 Not listed in Tyler. 806 Not 76 as noted in Tyler.

807 This is taken from Hughes & Knight Hills. It is based on the original documents held at Horsham museum.