[1] Longford p.393.
[2] Lucy MacDiarmid – A Box for Wilfrid Blunt- web page.
[3] War itself and the retelling of it is highly political, especially as researchers seek out the truth, and as we know the truth is a highly negotiated construct that only exists as an abstract idea. Just to give a couple of examples: when I was doing ‘O’ level history, which included the First World War, my parents were in an “am dram” society performing “old time musicals” including First World War songs that had been woven into a stage and musical, “Oh What a Lovely War!” The opening of that had set out how war started and was a useful way of remembering the key incidents along with a “nursery rhyme” which my mother used to chant before we were too old to be interested in nursery rhymes to know about it – “Austria was Hungry, ate a bit of Turkey, ate a bit of Turkey dipped in Greece”. The film then included the story of how British troops were “Lions led by Donkeys”, setting the war into a class conflict narrative. This is very strong and highly persuasive. However, in the last few years a major revision of this narrative has taken place feeding out of academic studies. So which is, or what is the truth in this case? Or, on a more local level, and as will be shown later and as being revealed by the research of Gary Cooper, the placing of names on a Horsham war memorial – a simple act, yet was charged with a phenomenal amount of personal and civic memory, justice, and meaning. The simple “truth”, that Horsham’s war memorial lists those who died in the First World War who came from Horsham, is an untruth.
[4] Searle p777-783
[5] Searle 785
[6] Searle 783
[7] Parish Magazine 1914. p 277
[8] Parish Magazine 1914 p 286
[9] Parish Magazine p 279.
[10] Wearing woollen clothing or one-piece combination underclothes was a popular commercial solution for the problem of regulating body temperatures. One of the most prominent physicians to enter the dress reform market was the German doctor, Gustave Jaeger, who created his own medical woollen clothing system. He advocated wearing wool next to the skin, and outlined his theories and sanitary clothing system in his book Health Culture, first published in English in 1887. Dr. Jaeger originally sold his clothing exclusively through his London store and his own catalogue. http://www.civilization.ca/cpm/catalog/cat2203e.html.
[11] WSCT. 18.8.1917.
[12] The Band of Mercy developed out of the temperance movement in 1875 and fell under the auspices of the RSPCA in 1883. By 1889 there were 113,000 children assigned to 540 Mercy Bands in Britain http://www.eh-resources.org/ dbs.html.
[13] As I write this yesterday’s County Times (21 December 2007) carries articles about the closure of post offices as the Post Office network contracts).
[14] M. J. Drummond of 20 The Causeway advertised “Heads, Horns, Animals and birds preserved and Mounted. Ladies and Gent’s Furs cleaned, altered and re-modelled. Ostrich Feathers cleaned, curled and dyed. Skins dressed and mounted as Carriage and Hearth Rugs, etc. Attwater Bros on the other hand were also Sportsmen outfitters, Picture frame Makers, Show case makers, Plumbers, painters, paperhangers, electric light and bell fitters and “experts for all sanitary work”.
[15] Including Arcadia Penny Bazaar at 13 West Street and Domestic Bazaar at no 57.
[16] Searle p 761.
[17] Searle p 663.
[18] Searle p 664.
[19] In 2009 Jane Bowen kindly allowed the author to make notes from her dissertation on Horsham during World War One. Though incomplete, the work contained a great deal of information that Jane had gleaned from extensive reading of the local press.
[20] Copper, G.T. (2009) Horsham Heroes. Pb Horsham Museum Society.
[21] 1998. 1029 Poster.
[22] Ferguson, N. (2008) The ascent of Money p 296-304. quote from p302.
[23] 1998.1668 Poste.r
[24] Aulich goes on to note that in 2002 the public ranked posters as second only to the impact of television. For a full account of War Posters see Aulich J. (2007) War Poster weapons of Mass communication. Thames & Hudson.
[25] Higham quoted in Aulich p.11.
[26] Aulich.p53.
[27] The County Times 10.8.1914.
[28] based on Lawrence (2006) The Middle Class p 401 using G.G. D‘Aeth Present Tendencies of Class Differentiation Sociological Review 3 (1910))
[29] Parish Newsletter October 1914 p 349.
[30] As above.
[31] An E. H. Dancy lived in Horsham – was it a son complaining on behalf of his mother? See Cooper G. T. Horsham’s Heroes.
[32] Knight J. (2006) Horsham History Volume 2 p.16.
[33] Parish Magazine 1914 p 310.
[34] Parish Magazine 1914 p 320.
[35] Tweedie p 2.
[36] Today we refer to it as Serbia. As the Encyclopaedia Britanica in 1911 states, “The English-speaking races alone write this word with a v instead of a b, Servia for Serbia; a practice resented by the Serbs, as suggesting the derivation of their name from the Latin Servus. “ a slave.”
[37] The Parish Magazine 1914 p 351.
[38] Searle p 782.
[39] Bowen citing County Times 5.9.14.
[40] Bowen citing County Times.
[41] In volume 3.
[42] Bowen. J reporting on the school reference E Pde school HUDC Corr WSRO.
[43] Pearce p 168.
[44] Pearce p 169
[45] Pearce p 168
[46] Wilson p
[47] Pearce p170-1
[48] Pearce above
[49] Pearce p 171
[50] Spenser Wilkinson was the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University
[51] Pearce 170. date of comment 26.12.1914
[52] Wilson p.
[53] Wilson p.
[54] Graves p 242 , Pearce
[55] Graves p 242
[56] Wilson
[57] Blunt. W.S. (1919) Diaries p 884-6
[58] Longford E., Lytton, Lord
[59] Graves p 218
[60] Lytton p 341
[61] Lytton p 342
[62] Lytton p 345
[63] Basil Blackwood, the third son of the Marquess of Dufferin, was born in 1870. He became a close friend of Hilaire Belloc while the men were students at Oxford University. Although Blackwood became a solicitor, he also illustrated several of Belloc’s books including The Bad Child’s Book of Beasts (1896), More Beasts (1897), The Modern Traveller (1898), A Moral Alphabet (1899), Cautionary Tales for Children (1907) and More Peers (1911). On the outbreak of the First World War, Blackwood became a Lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards. Basil Blackwood was killed in action in 1917. Basil Blackwood, letter to Hilaire Belloc (15 October, 1915).
“Many of the German guns have a range of eight miles, shells fall so impartially they can’t be dodged, one must simply wait with resignation what fate has in store. The most horrible scene I have witnessed was one that followed the explosion of two shells of the largest calibre on our billets killing 24 and wounding 20. I was on the spot and helped to remove the shattered debris. I shall never forget the hateful sight or the long drawn out melancholy business of digging graves and giving the 18 bodies of the others Christian burial – nor shall I forget the idiotic address of the military chaplain who was brought up from the neighbouring hospital for the purpose.
I must tell you that your articles in Land and Water are enormously appreciated here by soldiers and it occurred to me at once to suggest to you that it might be worth your while to get the job of writing the official history. I expect it would be a gold-mine and one of the works which will live for ever.” http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTblackwood.htm
[64] Longford p 409
[65] Longford p 409
[66] Longford p410
[67] Wilfrid Meynell (1852 – 1948) Catholic newspaper publisher and editor Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell (16 July 1867 – 1 May 1962), Curator Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge (08-37) and noted collector. He acted as private secretary to William Morris, becoming a major collector of Kelmscott Press books; was secretary also to Blunt; and was Thomas Hardy’s executor. Osbourne de Vere Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St Albans (October 16, 1874 – March 2, 1964). During World War I he served as Aide-de-Camp to Field Marshal Douglas Haig.
[68] The Casement Diaries were a personal account of his homosexual encounters.
[69] Lytton p344
[70] Lytton p 345
[71] Lytton p 354
[72] Lytton p 357
[73] Bowen
[74] County Times 27.12.19
[75] Bowen
[76] Parish Magazine 1914 p 438
[77] County Times 25.2.1917
[78] Bowen
[79] E.M. Marchant. p 4
[80] County Times 2.1.1915
[81] 22nd Battalion Royal Fusiliers Fortnightly Gazette p 13, 24.5.1915
[82] Poster 1998.1680
[83] County Times. 10.7.1915
[84] PM. 1914. p 404-11
[85] Though the report talks of one hut for a year and another for six months, suggesting, or hoping, that the War would be over by then.
[86] P.M. 1914 p 399
[87] Bourke J. (1999) Dismembering the Male p 51
[88] Bourke J. p.43
[89] Bourke J. p33
[90] Bourke J. p.13
[91] P.C.M.1914. p350
[92] Holmes F. p30
[93] Holmes F. p 28
[94] Holmes F. p 31
[95] This section is taken from Jane Bowen’s account on the war and gives a very good account of the hospital’s reaction to the War.
[96] Horsham Hospital Minutes 4.11.14
[97] H H Minutes 8.5.18
[98] Fortnightly Gazette April 26 1915.
[99] Stone, Major C. A. (1923) History of the 22nd (service) Battalion Royal Fusiliers (Kensington). p 11.
[100] Stone, p 13.
[101] Stone, p 18-20
[102] Gazette 29th March p7
[103] Page 8
[104] April 26
[105] April 26
[106] West Sussex Cinema 141-2.
[107] The following is taken from the Horsham pages in the bound volume of the Parish Magazine held in the Museum.
[108] In October 1916 The County Times reported that he had been “slightly wounded in the wrist, a bullet smashing his wrist watch, and after receiving attention at the dressing station returned to duty.”
[109] Watson J.P.N. p 111-3 Millais J. G. (1919) Wanderings and Memories. 230- 276.
[110] P233.
[111] P233.
[112] P236
[113] P239
[114] P241
[115] P247
[116] P250
[117] P253
[118] (HMS No. 2001.945). Note a full transcription with the breaks is available in We’ll keep the Home fires burning.
[119] It is doubtful if the Canadians or many people in Horsham knew that in the 1860s a Stool ball match played in front of Park House was illustrated in the Illustrated London News, stoolball being a local early baseball-type game, played in Sussex and the Weald.
[120] Horsham Museum poster 1998.1538.
[121] History of West Sussex County Council p29.
[122] This of course begs the question of how Albery could record events in Horsham in 1915 if he was in the army; he was also over age to join as he was born in 1868 – again, Albery playing fast and loose with the actual record.
[123] PMM 1.1916 p 55
[124] PM p90-91
[125] WSCT 10.6.1916
[126] PM 153
[127] Kavanagh, G. (1994) Museums and The First World War a Social History Leicester University Press.
[128] Kavanagh p 66-68
[129] PM 161
[130] W.S.C.T.2.9.16
[131] PM 362
[132] Jane Bowen quoting WSCT 9.2.1918.
[133] Rice Bros p 11 One of the tractors that they dealt with, from a batch of 500 made by Ruston, Procter and Company, had been made for hauling guns for the Russian Imperial Army, but as the Revolution occurred in 1917, the tractor was no longer required so was shipped down to Sussex and to Rice Bros. where it was photographed with the print in the company archives, p12.
[134] Taken from http://collections.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1270
[135] PM 1916 p55.
[136] Searle p810-817.
[137] Though an announcement in the WSCT for 27.1.1917 indicated that the increase in food supplies was more important than restrictive bylaws, so the Council agreed “that they would do nothing to prevent the keeping of pigs”.
[138] Searle 818.
[139] Collins Dictionary 1998. Note a rod is also a length, some 5 ½ yards, but I presume as they are dealing with cultivation it is more likely to be square yards rather than 55 yard-long strip. Note, an acre is 4840 square yards, so 30.
[140] The Smallholding and Allotment Act 1907 imposed responsibilities on parish, urban district and borough councils to provide allotments and further legislation in 1908 consolidated previous Acts and resolved various anomalies.
[141] This probably refers to a mechanic working for Rice Brothers. Their history mentions little about the War other than that Thomas and Gilbert Rice both joined the Sussex Yeomanry with their Worthing Road premises being used as its depot. As we have seen, it had also billeted soldiers and would later be used as an emergency flour store.
[142] WSCT 24.3.1917
[143] The website http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=47471 has the following correspondence by various members. It has been edited but gives an insight into the Horsham meeting and reporting in the press.
“IIRC – even though the Tribunals were covered in the local press, they were not allowed to use names. You will see: “a 30 year nurseryman”, “an 18 year old art pupil-teacher”, “a 25 year old miner” etc etc. “Once a mans appeals had been turned down he would be arrested and appear in the local Magistrates Court. At this stage he was named and fined 40 shillings for not reporting. He was then handed over to the Military Authorities.” The 40 shillings (£2) seems to be the standard fine. I have come across at least one case of a man being fined £5 for the trouble he had caused the army. He went ‘on the trot’, causing the army to search for him in Brighton, Hove, Haywards Heath, London etc etc.
I was looking at 1916. I did a compare and contrast thing, Horsham v Brighton. The men were not named in either the Horsham or the Brighton papers, until the time they were arrested. Urban Brighton was a lot more “hard line” than rural Horsham. Horsham men were mostly “Alternativists” and able to do agricultural work instead of joining the army.
Brighton had its own branch of the N-CF, mostly the “Peace Artists” from the Art College and members of TUs from the LB&SC Railway Workshops. Fair numbers of Brighton and Hove men were “Absolutists” doing hard labour on bread and water. Two died, one in prison and the other shortly after his release from the army.
It is a long time since I read them, but I think that there is some detail on the non publishing of the names in either, or both, of the two main books on conscientious objection. “Conscience & Politics” by John Rae (Right wing perspective) or “Objection Overruled” by David Boulton (Left wing perspective).
In fact, I remember one case being covered in the “West Sussex County Times” involving the Horsham Tribunal. They made a joke out of the fact that the man’s name could not be mentioned, and neither could that of his employer. I can’t remember the wording, but the employer was a member of the Tribunal and “stood down” in this particular case.
I suspect that the pro-war lobby was stronger in the south. For example, “Horsham Council Against Conscription” – probably a “one man and a dog” organisation; there was really no organised Labour and no NCF branch in West Sussex – invited two anti-war speakers down from London. One was Sylvia Pankhurst and the other, IIRC, was an Alex Gossip of the Furniture Trades Union. …The local paper, “West Sussex County Times”, carried this news and also mentions rather a lot about the “Fine Fourths”, the local TA battalion. 1/4th Royal Sussex had been in action at “Silver Bay” (Suvla Bay) and a reporter was sent to a hospital at Chichester to interview local men who had been invalided home.
In the Brighton papers I read of a demonstration by the “Blue Boys”: wounded soldiers. They intended to stop “Peace Cranks” from speaking at Eastbourne and told the reporter that “they had a rope about them”. IIRC wounded New Zealanders were most renowned for attacking peace meetings.”
[144] Searle 684-686
[145] “In November 1786 Josiah Boydell, his print-publisher uncle Alderman John Boydell, and the bookseller George Nicol, along with other artists and friends, conceived of the idea for the Shakespeare Gallery. Together, they proposed to publish a new, illustrated edition of Shakespeare’s plays. Careful editing, groundbreaking design, and new ink technologies would be used to make the project (what would be a nine-volume set) a reality. The illustrations were the most important part of the project. For this purpose, the project organizers would commission paintings by the most famous artists of the day and, as soon as these would be completed, the artwork would hang in a gallery called the Gallery of Shakespeare. From these paintings, two sets of engravings would be made: one would serve as the actual illustrations in the books, and a larger set would be bound together in a separate folio volume. The press enthusiastically reported on the development of the building itself to London’s public, so that when the Shakespeare Gallery opened in May 4, 1789, it was crowded with an audience eager to see it. Although the opening exhibition contained 34 pictures, by the 1805 when the collection was last exhibited as a whole, it contained 167 paintings by 33” artistshttp://smartmuseum.uchicago.edu/education/shakespeare/boydell_gallery.html
[146] Norfolk G. (1917) Henry Fitzalan-Howard Fifteenth Duke of Norfolk. Oxford University Press.
[147] See Vol 2 and Chapter One in this volume.
[148] Interestingly, it was in February 1917 that the contents of Horsham Manor house were sold “By order of the Trustees of the late Henry Padwick, Esq., JP…Having received instructions to Sell by Auction upon the Premises as above, on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, February 26th, 27th, 28th and March 1st 1917 the CONTENTS OF THE MANSION, comprising: – ANTIQUE AND MODERN FURNITURE, collection of china, ornamental items, 2,500 ozs old and modern silver, water colour drawings, engravings and prints, valuable oil paintings, bronzes, telescopes, linen, fire proof safe, library of over 2,000 books, contents of the domestic offices, ralli car with rubber tyres by “Windover”, garden and other miscellaneous effects.” WSCT 24.2.1917
[149] It is interesting to note that in 1960 Queen Elizabeth II declared that her children will be known as Windsor, even though she had married Prince Phillip and would have normally taken his family name, House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, and that their family name will be Mountbatten-Windsor. Royalty can select their names.
[150] That occurred with the October revolution in 1917.
[151] WSCT 1.9.1917.
[152] The information is taken from a photocopy of a typed note in Brighton Museum’s Register and an object file in the Museum archive. The moulds described as coming from Horsham have been loaned to the Museum by Brighton and Hove City Council.
[153] The letter quoted by Shelley’s cousin Tom Medwin, however, has never been found; it is taken from Medwin’s controversial biography. The letter was used as the basis of giving the children of Horsham gingerbread when the Shelley Fountain was unveiled in 1996.
[154] West Sussex County Times 21. 11. 1914.
[155] The Museum Society kept very poor records and documentation, making it difficult to say who gave what, and as many of the ethnographic items are organic, a number of them probably rotted away.
[156] See Volume Two – Fitzgerald arrived in Horsham in 1845 and set about integrating himself into the community with a view of standing in the 1847 election.
[157] Longinus was the soldier. As to where the spear is now, the story goes like this… “His spear was displayed in Jerusalem for a time, until the Persian king Chosroes conquered Jerusalem in 615 AD. The tip was then broken off, and given to the church of St. Sophia in Constantinople, where it was set into an icon and displayed. There it remained until 1244, until it was presented to King Louis of France and enshrined in Paris. During the French Revolution this point, presumably still in the icon, was moved to the Biblioteque Nationale, but there it disappeared, and no one knows where it might be now.” http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question5552.html
[158] Searle p640-642,743.
[159] Minutes of the Horsham Museum Society 1917 page 10.
[160] Blunden E. (1968) “Infantryman Passes By” in Panichas G.A. (ed) Promise of Greatness: The War of 1914-1918 Cassell. London. pp24-37. I would like to thank Dr K. Greives for pointing out this article.
[161] Stallworthy J. (2002) Anthem for Doomed Youth p116-129 Constable and Imperial War Museum.
[162] Blunden p 36.
[163] Michele Fry http://www.sassoonery.demon.co.uk/blunden.htm.
[164] “The Workers’ Educational Association (WEA) was founded in 1903 under the title Association to Promote the Higher Education of Working Men following a scheme proposed by Albert Mansbridge (1876-1952). He became its general secretary in 1905 when the name was changed to The Workers’ Educational Association and the first constitution was established in the following year. After a conference on the WEA and Oxford University in 1907, the WEA Central Joint Advisory Committee was established and three-year university tutorial classes were started with the close involvement of R. H. Tawney (1880-1962). The WEA was also linked to the trade union movement and formed the Workers’ Education Trade Union Committee in 1919 to strengthen and give cohesion to the educational work with trade unions. The WEA was closely involved in campaigns for better state education and, in particular, the campaign preceding the 1944 Education Act.” http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frames/fulldesc?inst_id=49&coll_id=2779.
[165] Rose. J. 2001 p265
[166] Rose J. p265
[167] Rose p266
[168] Rose p 292
[169] Searle p 830-832
[170] One of the anomalies of this Act was allowing certain people, university graduates, to vote for MPs who represented their universities: originally it was nine; this increased it to 15 MPs.
[171] These changes saw the size of the electorate triple from 7.7 million to 21.4 million. Women now accounted for about 43% of the electorate. It is worth noting that had women been enfranchised based upon the same requirements as men, they would have been in the majority, due to the loss of men in the war.
[172] This edited version was produced by Liz Vaughan.
[173] Horsham Recreation Silver Band.
[174] Bowen quoting WSCT 23.2.1918.
[175] X1998.1067
[176] WSCT 1.12.1917
[177] Searle p 804
[178] Searle 804
[179] It is an interesting reflection of today’s times that the Government, when it wants to address cross-departmental issues creates “Tsars” to “fight wars”, such as the Drugs Tsar. Here the council is seeking such a person, though without the “tsar” epithet.
[180] W.S.C.T. 16.2.18
[181] Poster 1998.1464 WSCT13.4.1918
[182] W.S.C.T.20.4.18
[183] W.S.C.T. 13.4.18
[184] W.S.C.T. 25.5.18
[185] W.S.C.T. 1.6.18
[186] Poster 1998.1058 WSCT 29.6. 1918
[187] Poster No. 1998.1515 WSCT 28.9 1918
[188] MUNITION GIRLS HAPPY EVENING (WSCT 12.10.1918)
It was a happy idea that prompted Miss Maud Redford, forewoman at Prewett’s Engineering Works, now on Munition making, to invite the boys in Khaki stationed at Roffey to meet the girls who are helping so earnestly to win the war in Horsham to a social evening at the Albion Hall on Saturday evening. A most enjoyable time was spent. Not only was there a continual round of dances and games of the “musical chairs” character taken part in by all those present, numbering over 200, but an excellent programme of music etc.
[189] WSCT 9.11.1918
[190] WSCT 16.11.1918
[191] WSCT 23.11.1918
[192] The research used the three primary sources: Horsham Urban District Council Minutes on The War Memorial, West Sussex County Times, The Parish Magazine.
[193] As will be seen in the next volume, the town did, in the 1920s, get a new hospital, a new hall and also the purchase of Park House playing fields/recreation ground.
[194] Grieves. K. “Rural Parish churches and the bereaved in Sussex after the First World War” Sussex Archaeological Collections Vol 139 (2001) 197-211.
[195] W.S.C.T. 28.2.1920
[196] W.S.C.T. 3.4.1920
[197] WSCT 22.4.1920
[198] WSCT 5-6-1920
[199] The stone is Hopton Wood, which is a fine oolitic limestone similar to, and having the qualities of, marble. When it is polished or rubbed its architectural qualities appear; in the rough it just looks like most limestone. The Hopton group of quarries are situated about 5½ miles to the south-west of Matlock, Derbyshire. In 1926 it was reported that “In the past six years 120,000 cube feet (nearly 10,000 tons) of Hopton-Wood Stone have been utilised solely for the production of War Graves headstones apart from the normal demands of architecture amid the Building and Monumental Trades”. Some seven years later, the Stone Trades Journal for 1933 gave the following account:
“A tragic reminder of the part the firm were called upon to play as an outcome of the War stands in another corner of the workshop. It is a machine for engraving the headstones for the British War Cemeteries. Working on the pantagraph system, a disabled ex-service man could trace over a regimental badge or inscription on a die, whilst a similar tool reproduced his movements simultaneously on the actual stone. Thus, with these ingenious machines, it was possible for over 300 headstones per week to be completed. Not long ago, when H.R.H. the Prince of Wales was staying at Chatsworth House, he visited the Hopton-Wood Stone Firms, Ltd., and was naturally particularly interested in this work. Over 100,000 gravestones have been despatched to mark the burial grounds of our soldiers who fell. Manyof them have been erected in the Far East, and the contract took six years to complete
[200] WSCT 14.9.1918
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